Stem Cell Harvesting Awareness Essay Example for Free

Foundational microorganism Harvesting Awareness Essay An organized poll was administrated to 360 adolescents and youthful grown-ups across Malaysia. The polls were given to the Malaysian young people from various age gatherings, sex and religion. Assessment from various literary works is utilized and ends are drawn dependent on subjective examination of the optional exploration information. Discoveries †The consequences of this examination demonstrates that the sexual orientation, race and family pay has no immediate relationship on undifferentiated cell reaping mindfulness. It is shockingly not another term to the respondents. They are not really increase further data with respect to undifferentiated cell gathering and its issue from paper just as TV. In spite of the fact that the respondents imagine that foundational microorganism research is moral, they are barely to help researchers to reap immature microorganism, nonetheless, they took in the significance of putting away undeveloped cell and ready to pay for cryopreservation administration for undifferentiated cell banking. Reasonable ramifications †The consequences of the investigation loan backing to the eventual fate of clinical science in creating undeveloped cells collecting innovation in Malaysia. Youthful couples going to shape a family who age between 22-35 years of age are the likely impact to the general public to expand the attention to this development innovation. Catchphrases †Stem cell, Social Cognitive Theory, and Media Dependency Theory Paper type †Research paper About the creator: Lim Yoke Theng is as of now in her last year seeking after her Bachelor in Mass Communication (Hons) with INTI International University, Malaysia. The creator can be reach by email ([emailprotected] com) Research on Stem cell mindfulness among Malaysians . 1 Introduction Stem cell research is generally new in Malaysia (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2008). Undifferentiated organisms are cells equipped for forming into different sorts of cells and tissues. As indicated by previous exploration, undifferentiated organism have been seen and can be collected inside the setting of the incipient organism since it is inside these beginning times that we see the sensational advances of imma ture microorganisms framing a scope of tissues and organ frameworks. Later on, it tends to be found in grown-up physical body and called as grown-up undifferentiated organism. It presently appears that most likely all tissues contain grown-up immature microorganisms, be that as it may, in unimportant numbers. Researchers mirror that the cells stay lethargic until enacted by malady or injury to that tissue. Undifferentiated organism examination can possibly help with rewarding a scope of clinical issues (Experiment Resources, 2008). It could lead humankind closer to better treatment and perhaps fix various ailments: * Parkinson’s Disease * Alzheimer’s Disease * Heart Diseases, Stroke and Diabetes (Type 1) * Birth Defects * Spinal Cord Injuries Replace or Repair Damaged Organs * Reduced Risk of Transplantation (You might get your very own duplicate heart in a heart-transplantation later on) * Stem cells may assume a significant job in malignant growth Besides, this examination may likewise have the option to clarify how foundational microorganisms can be collected and where can we found the undifferentiated cells on human body, the strategy and methods for gathering. To make the image more clear to people in general, elements of undeveloped cells should be reinforced and underlined in clinical field rather than foundational microorganism collecting and capacity administration. On the off chance that foundational microorganism is to be sure the engaging option in contrast to those patients who battle to live or to pass on, it might expand the degree of mindfulness among Malaysia society and influence the accomplishment of Malaysia Medical Science Field. Patients who experience the ill effects of Alzheimers, foundational microorganism transplantation is a possibility for them to recoup from that malady, it has no fix yet a medication called ARICEPT has been utilized by a large number of individuals to support their side effects (New York Methodist Hospital, 2010).

Pulmonary Embolism as Manifestation of Right Atrial Myxoma

Aspiratory Embolism as Manifestation of Right Atrial Myxoma Aâ case report and audit of writing Unique We present an instance of a 55-year-elderly person who experienced brevity of breath and syncope; he was sent to our specialization for suspecting aspiratory embolism. We continued Computed tomography aspiratory angiography (CTPA) and Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) , affirmed the determination which was brought about by right atrial mass. After the medical procedure the patient was analyzed as right atrial myoma (RAM) with aspiratory myoma emboli without no unfavorable occasion. The remaining emboli were mostly improved following one month anticoagulation. We detailed this case and survey of the relevent writing to assist clinicians with improving the comprehension of finding and treatment of pneumonic embolism brought about by RAM. Watchwords: aspiratory embolism, right atrial myxoma, treatment Aspiratory embolism, most normally starting from profound venous apoplexy (DVT) of the legs, ranges from asymptomatic, by chance found emboli to enormous thromboembolism causing quick passing. PTE is a hazardous infection with a high dismalness. Every year, upwards of 300,000 individuals in the United States bite the dust from intense PTE, which is significantly more typical in China at present than 10 years prior (1). Around 50-70% emboli of aspiratory embolism began from profound venous apoplexy (DVT), the greater part of which in lower limits. Such patients without DVT should screen mysterious malignant growth. In spite of the fact that malignancy related venous apoplexy was broad portrayed, the emboli from kind tumor are less referenced (2). Lion's share of the atrial myxoma convoluted aspiratory emboli are tumoral, thrombotic emboli were less announced (3,4). We report an uncommon instance of RAM with an aspiratory confinement copying pneumonic emboli. Case introduction A 55-year-elderly person was admitted to crisis stay with bit by bit expanded brevity of breath for 2 months, syncope and right chest torment for 6 hours. He had a propensity for long time sitting and a past filled with 20 pack-year smoking, and quit smoking 10 years preceding confirmation. Introductory evaluation uncovered cyanosis and right breath sound diminished. No pitting edema in lower furthest points. Lab tests demonstrated ALT 52IU/liter; 93IU/liter; D-Dimer >10î ¼g/ml; NT-proBNP 3544 Ã'â‚ ¬g/ml; Troponin I 0.49 ng/ml. Blood vessel blood gases uncovered serious hypoxemia, oxygenation list was 89mmHg; Electrocardiogram demonstrated Sà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ Qà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¢Tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¢. CTPA uncovered right principle (Figure 1a), both lobar(Figure 1b,1c) and segmental (Figure 1d) pneumonic arteries(PA) different filling absconds; right chamber sporadic mass(Figure 1d). TTE demonstrated amplification of right chambers and a privilege atrial 54*47mm mass connected to the top d ivider, clear edge, sporadic and incomplete unpleasant on surface, free in inner structure, moving alongside cardiovascular cycle, gentle prolapse through the flyers of the tricuspid valve and opening of sub-par vena cava, moderate spewing forth of tricuspid valves with mellow aspiratory hypertension. Packed venous ultrasonography demonstrated negative in both lower appendages. The careful methodology was through an average sternotomy under extracorporeal course. The correct chamber divider was opened and a coagulated consistency tumor with putrefaction, delicate, estimating 40*50mm, holding fast to the between atrial septum (Figure 2), a 30*20*70mm tumor embolus in the correct fundamental PA, the distal end was close to right upper PA. The tumor cells communicated CD34 and calretinin, and were negative for CK and SMA. The histopathological assessment affirmed myxoma (Figure 3) in right chamber and right aspiratory vein. The patient was dealt with warfarin (target INR, 2-3) for multi month. Rehashed CTPA demonstrated left lower PA filling imperfection with no improvement following 2 months (Figure 4c), right and other left PA filling deformity settled (Figure 4a, 4b). 2 years follow-up he was asymptomatic. Conversation Heart tumors are less normal, the greater part of which are from metastasis. The frequency pace of essential cardiovascular tumors (PCTs) in post-mortem examination ranges from 0.02 to 2.8†°. 30-half of PCTs are myomas, 75% in the left chamber and just 10-20% emerging in the correct chamber, which may creating from early stage or crude gut rests (5,6,7). Histologically, they comprise of a corrosive mucopolysaccharide rich stroma. Polygonal cells organized in single or little groups are dispersed among the grid. The clinical indications of RAM may stay asymptomatic or show up with sacred, obstructive or embolic side effects as per the size, delicacy, versatility, area of the tumor just as body position and movement (5,8). Vague protected signs, which present in 10-45% of patients with myxoma, are weakness, fever, dyspnea, interminable paleness, weight reduction, general arthralgia, and increment of IL-6, ESR, and CRP (8). In this way the aftereffects of research center tests may emulate those for rheumatic issue. These signs are increasingly basic for patients with huge, different, or repetitive tumors, and generally recouped after resection (9). Pneumonic embolism of RAM sections or thrombi from the surface may likewise happen, bringing about dyspnea, pleuritic chest torment, hemoptysis, syncope, aspiratory hypertension and right cardiovascular breakdown even abrupt passing. Intense stomach torment was referenced in two cases (10). Embolic occasion in cardiovascular myxoma is normal, with t he occurrence going from 30% to 40% (5). In the instances of RAM with pneumonic embolism, a littler size, villous or sporadic surface and multi-foci are most regular variables related with embolization (11). The length time frame was extending from 1 day to 3.5 years. The period of patients ran from 17 to 76 years (mean age 42.8 years), with a higher rate in ladies (20/35, 57%). In these cases RAMs are generally appended by a short pedicle to the between atrial septum (22/35), for the most part in fossa ovalis, others are in free divider, crista terminalis, Koch triangle and different starting points. The vast majority of the patients were determined to have TTE (Transthoracic echocardiography), CT, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and attractive reverberation imaging (MRI), others were with angiography and examination. In practically all cases treatment was careful with expulsion of the intra-atrial myxomas and the aspiratory emboli, which are typically tumoral. Dominant part of such patients recouped well after medi cal procedure. Four preoperative passings, two postoperative passings were accounted for. Right atrial apoplexy, transient ischemic assault (TIA), ischemic hepatitis and renal disappointment were the uncommon intricacy (Table 1). TTE and TEE are the most ordinarily utilized demonstrative techniques in the location and starting depiction of atrial myxomas (23). TTE is about 95% delicate for the affirmation of cardiovascular myxomas, and TEE arrives at almost 100% affectability (45). TTE encouraged bedside test to securely recognize myxomas in lethal aspiratory embolism as in our patient. TEE produces unequivocal pictures of little tumors (1 to 3 mm in distance across), particularly in fat patients with poor TTE pictures (46). The TEE likewise allows a more clear image of the connection of the tumor and increasingly exact portrayal of the size, shape, surface, inward structure and area of the mass (47). In spite of the fact that TEE is a semi-obtrusive analytic test with a low pace of critical difficulties, deadly pneumonic embolism during TEE strategy has been accounted for (22). Better than echocardiography, multi-identifiers winding registered tomography (MSCT) and heart attractive reverberation imaging (CMR) are progressively exact in deciding the relationship to typical intra-cardiovascular structures and tumor penetration into the pericardium, expansion to adjoining vasculature and mediastinal structures, aspiratory supply routes emboli and careful arranging (48,49). RAMs show as a low-constriction intra-chamber mass with a smooth, sporadic or villous surface on MSCT. Calcifications are seen in about 14% and are progressively basic in right side injuries. Blood vessel stage differentiate upgrade is generally not clear, yet heterogeneous improvement is accounted for on examines performed with a more drawn out time delay (50,51). Fluctuating measures of myxoid, calcified, hemorrhagic, and necrotic tissue gives them heterogeneous appearances on T1 and T2-weighted pictures. Postponed upgrade is common and typically sketchy in nature. Consistent state free pr eceesion (SSFP) groupings may slow prolapse through the tricuspid valve in diastole stage and can propose the connection purpose of a tail sore. Recreation of cine inclination reviewed reverberation (GRE) pictures empowers evaluation of injury versatility and connection (52). 18F-FDG PET/CT can help the noninvasive preoperative affirmation of threat (41). Mean SUVmax was 2.8â ±0.6 in generous cardiovascular tumors and essentially higher in both harmful essential and auxiliary cases. (8.0â ±2.1 and 10.8â ±4.9). The SUVmax of myxoma is extending from 1.6 to 4. Threat was resolved with an affectability of 100% and explicitness of 86% with a cut-off SUVmax estimation of 3.5. A powerless relationship between's the SUVmax and the size of tumors is found because of the incomplete volume impact, cardiovascular movement and respirtatory development (53). Angiography is an intrusive examination that presents an extra danger of instigating relocation of the tumor and just appropriate for suspected intense coronary illness (37). Careful evacuation of the RAM with aspiratory embolism is the principal treatment of decision and normally healing (44,45). The urgent parts of medical procedure are measures for bi-caval cannulation to forestall intra-employable embolism (27), en-alliance extraction of the myxoma with a wide sleeve of ordinary tissue, expulsion of sections in aspiratory supply routes, and led under moderate or profound hypothermia, low circulatory stream or complete circulatory capture dependent on the degree and destinations of the emboli (44). Careful treatment prompts total goals with low paces of repeat and great long haul endurance. The general repeat rate is about 1â€3% for irregular atrial myxoma (5,54), which grows a normal of 0.24â€1.6 cm every year. The

happy palindrome week!

happy palindrome week! Here in America, our vaunted exceptionalism takes many forms, including how we write our dates. The convention of MM-DD-YY01 and, of course, dropping the leading 0, so its currently 9/ and not 09/ means that in America today is 9/10/19, which reversed reads the same, and is thus a palindromic date. It is, in fact, the first palindromic date of a week-and-a-half of them, running from 9/10/19 to 9/19/19. While palindromic dates (in this convention) are not entirely rare, this will be the last palindromic week of this kind in this century, so it seems worth noting on a blog read by students aspiring to study at a school fascinated by numbers and puzzles. When I think about palindromes, I think about Nick Montfort, a CMS professor with whom I took some grad school classes and who works in/around the field of interactive fiction. I think it would be fair to call Nick a palindrome enthusiast; indeed, also a palindromic practitioner. Most notably, on February 20th of 2002 (02-20-2002), Nick copublished a short story, but a long palindrome, called 2002: A Palindrome Story: 2002  is a collaboratively-authored narrative palindrome, exactly 2002 words in length.  2002 was first published in a limited edition of 202 inscribed copies on New Years Day, 2002. On February 20th, 2002 (20-02-2002)  2002  was published on the Web. On November 11, 2002 (11-11-2002) 2002 was published as  an illustrated book. A palindrome is a text in which the sequence of letters and numbers is the same forwards and backwards. Spaces, punctuation, and line breaks are used freely. In  2002,  the authors took the liberty of assuming an accented e (é) is the same letter as e, and that an i with an umlaut (ï) is the same as an i. Other than that it is perfect. The palindrome was written by  Nick Montfort  and  William Gillespie  with the assistance of an Eraware computer program named  Deep Speed. Design of the HTML version and the book were done by  Ingrid Ankerson. Illustrations were provided by  Shelley Jackson. The creators of the book have had the historically rare privilege of experiencing two palindromic years: 1991 and 2002. No generation of people has lived through two palindromic years since 1001, and none will again until 2112. 2002 has been acknowledged by some reviewers as the longest intelligible palindrome in  English, and you can read it on the web here. Or, if you come to MIT, you can take 21L.489[J]: Interactive Narrative with Nick and learn how to make computers and text do things together. Enjoy the text and the week! and, of course, dropping the leading 0, so it's currently 9/ and not 09/ back to text ?

Decriminalization Of Prostitution. Since Time Began, Women

Decriminalization of Prostitution Since time began, women have been selling sex through prostitution, men have been buying it, and society has been debating the legitimacy of the oldest profession in the world. The prevalence of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases have cast a new light on the old moral and victimless crime arguments against and for legalization of prostitution throughout the United States. There are convincing arguments on both sides of this issue, points on both sides that cannot be ignored. However, when all is said and done, it is those who argue for the legalization of prostitution who are most convincing. The existence of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases and its shockingly widespread presence in†¦show more content†¦Unlike street prostitutes found in red-light districts, the ladies in licensed bordellos of Nevada are required to undergo weekly checks for venereal diseases. Within the last 30 years, over 20,000 tests have been performed. O f the 20,000, only 3.5% were positive. Thus, legalization of prostitution, with proper regulation, ensures the safety of the provider of the service. A Nevada state regulation requires all brothel patrons to wear condoms, ensuring the safety of both parties and preventing the spread of STDs, impregnation, and any other risks taken in unprotected sex. There are no safeguards in commercial sex in the forty-nine states without legalized prostitution. It is expressly stated before in sexual transaction takes place, a complete inspection of the customer is performed to detect any visible signs of a venereal disease or intravenous drug use, and the customer is required to wear a condom. If any visible signs of disease or drug use are detected, the transaction does not take place and payment is returned in full. Without legalization, in most cases, transactions take place without such inspection and there is no guarantee of a clean environment where the transaction can occur. Of course, th e ideal solution would be the total elimination of prostitution, however this is not feasible, if it were, it would have been accomplished long ago. Control is quite feasible, though. IfShow MoreRelatedShould Prostitution Be Legalized? Canada?1379 Words   |  6 Pagesforeigner in sexual intercourse. Over time, the subject of prostitution has surfaced in spiritual and social discussion, and more recently into legal and moral discourses with an emphasis on the rights of sex workers. Since the recent phenomenon of advanced women’s rights through rigorous activist groups in the late nineteenth to early twentieth century, propelling the advancement of women’s rights movements began to immerge in the first world. At its core, prostitution is not an individual issue, butRead MoreShould Prostitution Be More Beneficial?1659 Words   |  7 PagesAllie Godat Jessica Perkins Writing 1 November 13, 2015 Prostitution In this essay, I will be giving my arguments on whether or not prostitution would be more beneficial to society and safer it wasn’t illegal. I will be giving you background information on the history of prostitution at the beginning of civilization, and how it came to be illegal in the United States. Next I will state the reasons why prostitution is currently criminalized, and why people think it should remain that way. I willRead MoreThe Current Status Of Prostitution Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesResearch on Prostitution Phillip Walton CRIM/ECON 355 Dr. Richard Lotspeich November 14, 2016 Abstract This paper will examine the current status of prostitution as an illegal act and the market it generates; then show what effect legalizing prostitution would have on the prostitution market. Prostitution has a very large market that if legalized could be used as a source of revenue for governments through the form of taxes. So the focus will include how the prostitution market is generated, whatRead MoreProstitution Is The Oldest Profession922 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking into Prostitution women are usually thought to be the lowest form a part of the human species, people make assumptions as to why a women would even bother with the idea of subjecting herself to harsh treatment by others, people often correlate the idea of prostitution with human trafficking. That each of these categories are of association, prostitution is â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† While human trafficking is â€Å"the illegal movementRead MoreSex Trafficking And Sexual Trafficking1744 Words   |  7 Pages and includes forms such as prostitution and pornography (Kotrla, 2010). Researchers suggest that children are the most vulnerable to becoming victims of prostitution (Kotrla), and it is estimated that there are at least 100,000 victims in the United States (Estes Weiner, 2001). Sex traffickers, otherwise known as â€Å"pimps,† often lure children with promises of food, clothing, love, and shelter, and then the pimps manipulate the children to keep them in prostitution (U.S. Department of JusticeRead MoreWhat is Prostitution?1838 Words   |  7 Pages According to the 2014 Merriam-Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the act of having sex in exchange for money† (â€Å"Prostitution†). In the United States, the trafficking of sex sales has been illegal since the early 1900’s, with the exception of the 49th state, Alaska (Head). The trade was deemed unethical by the Wom en’s Christian Temperance Union, also credited with the ban of drug use and the elimination of alcohol in the 1920’s. Today, in all but two states, the buying and selling ofRead MoreLegalizing Prostitution : The Good, The Bad And The Ugly1638 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Prostitution: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Prostitution, as stated by Rudyard Kipling, is considered to be known as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession,† and for good reason. Zac Fanni, a writer for Sabotage Times, wrote a documentary based on the history of prostitution and its origins. The sex-trade began with the Sumerians, who, in ancient times, worshiped Ishtar, the goddess of love and war. They believed that every morning she was â€Å"born anew as a maiden,† and every day the sky fellRead MoreWhy Prostitution Should Be Legal1462 Words   |  6 PagesWhy should prostitution be legal? Can anybody tell me what is considered to be the worlds most ancient profession? (doesnt require education, mostly involves women) Some researchers confirm that prostitution is indeed the most ancient profession, while others argue with it; however, everybody agrees that trading sex for money has existed for quite a while. According to Wikipedia, prostitution began in the 21st century BC in Near East, most likely as a religious custom, and was practiced by GreeksRead MoreThree Reasons Why Prostituiton Should Not Be Leagalized in China1758 Words   |  7 Pagesoldest jobs, prostitution has a long history to be repeatedly decriminalized and internalized by different countries. In Sumerian Records, the earliest record established in 2400 BC, prostitution had been legalized and supported by government. Same as most countries in this era, government founded brothels established in ancient China, ancient Greece, ancient Roman and so on. Codex Theodosianus established in 438 AD, legalized prostitution and at the same time, asking for taxes. Since the late 500sRead MoreThe Impact of Management Information System in Ba nking and Its Efficiency5000 Words   |  20 PagesWhy Does Prostitution Exist? ......................................................................................... 5 Profile and Everyday Concerns of Prostitutes................................................................. 6 Profile of the John ........................................................................................................... 8 Profile of the Pimp .......................................................................................................... 9 The Sex Trade

Lung Cancer Research Project Review - 533 Words

Introduction In order to fulfill the requirements of the assigned project, our group performed research related tasks. Research is ultimately about assigning facts, figures and arguments to larger ideas for practical reasons that hopefully produce more benefits than not. Our groups topic deals with the disease of lung cancer. In our quest to learn more about this reality of life, it became necessary to implement the research process to further our knowledge and complete the necessary requirements of this project. Our groups search began with a division of labor to more efficiently utilize our resources. The lung cancer topic was chosen due to the personal and societal impacts this disease produces. Finding balanced and accurate sources to build our case obviously and necessarily became an important priority. Additionally the topic of lung cancer is very broad and reaching, creating a problem of scope for this particular problem. It became evident that in order to find useful answers in this real m meant for us to ask useful questions. All the data and inference in the world does not assist the researcher unless it is applied in a formula that expresses the necessary dialogues reflecting the intent of those who are utilizing such information. After brainstorming sessions and the external dialogue that followed, our group derived three distinct areas of research important to our brand of research. These areas were molded into the following research questions: What areShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On National Lung Cancer Partnership1425 Words   |  6 PagesAcademic research on how to improve health of humans has increased over time for treatments of various diseases and virus infections. In particular, there has been a surge in the people being diagnosed with cancer. The global scourge comes in some ways and research has shown that early detection can limit its spread in humans and work towards the cure. In particular, three (3) organizations are renowned to support the research. These organization offer grants to academic research personnel, mostRead MoreIntroduction to Oncology Care Program Essay example1220 Words   |  5 PagesAnnual Report of the Oncology Care Program Course Project HIT 225 April 17, 2011 ? Introduction to Oncology Care Program Cancer is a group of diseases that affect nearly every tissue or organ in the human body, and is the second leading cause of death in the United States. In 2007, lung cancer was the leading cause of death among males and females in Marin County, California (Marin Health Human Services, 2007). Located in Marin County, Sunshine Hospital is a 235-bed teaching facilityRead MoreNegative Effects Of Smoking1719 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), there are currently 40 million adult smokers in the U.S. (CDC, 2017), and 763,960 of these residents are from Massachusetts (DPH, 2014). Smoking can cause various kinds of cancer such as those of the cervix, stomach, esophagus, lungs and the bladder (Cio et al., 2014). Besides, smoking predisposes individuals to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) which involves health complications in the bronchi resulting in various diseases such as emphysemaRead MoreLung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (liver) and gastric cancer are three of the main causes of1600 Words   |  7 PagesLung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (liver) and gastric cancer are three of the main causes of cancer deaths in the Asian community. Philanthropic organizations are nonprofit nongovernmental entities that use donations to aid the society in some way. The Asian Cancer Research Group is an independent, not-for-profit company that benefits the society and advocates Christianity. The goal of the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) is to research and improve the treatments for the most common typesRead MoreDevelopment Of Drugs With High Pote ncy And Inhibitory Activity1618 Words   |  7 Pages Summary of research plan Development of drugs with high potency and inhibitory activity against specific activating mutation, while showing significantly less activity against wild type mutations, made testing specific sensitizing mutation necessary. (1) (EGFR) T790M mutation a successful example of a biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment with Osimertinib that gained a wide acceptance in clinical practice in Europe and US (), One question that needs to be asked, however, isRead MoreUsing The Experimental Or Quasi Experimental Method With Variables As Well As The Correlational Method1148 Words   |  5 Pageshave research and statistics backgrounds. From all the topics and concepts of research and evaluating reports they were beneficial, straightforward, and thought-provoking. There are numerous topics from research problem, quantitative, qualitative, statistics, and sampling methods that will useful to health professionals now and in the future. The next section of this paper will menti on of a possible research topic that will be a stepping-stone and guide for the comprehensive research project. ThisRead MoreEffects Of Marijuana Abuse On The Health Of Teens Aged 13-19 Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesMethodology 5 5. Data Search and Data Sources 7 6. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 7 7. Anti-oppressive Practices and Ethical Considerations 7 8. Project Outline 8 9. Time Scale 8 References 10 1. RATIONALE According to Plant (2016) 36% of teenagers in the UK have taken illegal drugs at some point of their life. 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Lung, liver, stomach, colorectal and breast cancersRead MoreDesign Interventional Models For Primary Care Providers1619 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Over the years from proven evidence-based research, there is a need for intervention as primary care physicians attempt to address the issue of adult obesity. Obesity can be linked to many adverse health outcomes such as: diabetes, hypertension and stroke as suggested by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute (2012). The purpose of this project is to design interventional models for primary care providers to implement into a wellness program. The program includes increased knowledgeRead MoreEpidemiology: Study Notes1775 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Part 1 Cofounding Factors Cofounding factors are extraneous variables that correlate either positively or negatively with both eh dependent and independent variable within a study. Any research method and analysis must account for these variables through the actual design of the study or through statistical means that accounts for them. Operational cofound is one that can occur in both experimental and nonexperimental design when a measure for one variable inadvertently measures something else

Social Influences on Behavior Free Essays

Albert Fish was a 20th century serial killer, child rapist, sadomasochist, and cannibal. This paper is a brief description focused on the forces that impacted his life from the viewpoint of developmental psychology. The author made an effort to distinguish between the influences of hereditary and environment on psychological development. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Influences on Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now He also explains what family issues and social support systems may have influenced Albert Fish’s developmental growth and adjustment. Two different theories of personality selected by the author was applied to Fish, which includes a discussion of how each theory differs in terms of how it explains Fish’s unique patterns and traits. The author also makes a determination regarding which theory he believes best explains Fish’s behaviors and achievements. Forces That Impact Life: Developmental Psychology Developmental psychology is defined as â€Å"The branch of psychology concerned with the study of progressive behavioral changes in an individual from birth until death† (Farlex, 2011). Albert Fish’s rough childhood contributed to the person he became, along with other factors that occurred throughout adulthood. He was born to poverty on May 19, 1870. His father passed away on October 15, 1875. His mother could not take care of Fish, therefore, she placed him in a religious orphanage called Saint John’s Orphanage. Here he learned to lie, cheat, beg, and steal. He also experienced and seen wrong-doings no boy, or person, should. Albert Fish was whipped bare-bottomed at the orphanage and was forced to witness other boys being whipped. He said this abuse was the beginning of his ruined mind. During his interview, before his execution, he said he felt his first sex feeling while watching the other boys be whipped, which eventually developed while he was receiving the abuse. When Fish left the orphanage, he felt the need to satisfy these sexual urges with sexual experimentation and prostitution, which included men. His needs and urges became very sadomasochistic. He enjoyed what hurt. He inflicted pain on not only himself, but also on others. He would not stop until he reached his climax, and progress on with the torcher for days. In his late 20s, Albert Fish married. His wife had the same types of sexual interest as he. While he was married, he continued to lead a double life by fulfilling his sadomasochistic fantasies with boys. He made this way of life easily obtainable by working as a traveling housepainter and being away more than he was home. Fish traveled all over the United States. â€Å"I had children in every state,† Albert Fish stated during his interview (Borowski, 2006). After 19 years of marriage, Albert Fish’s wife left him for another man. She had sent their six children off to the movies, and they came home to an empty house. He came home to find his six children alone and discover she had taken everything. Fish believed this was his breaking point. His children testified, during his trial, although he never hit them or raised his voice to them, they did witness his self-torcher. They testified to finding blood covered boards with nails sticking out of one end and to seeing him drive needles into himself. An x-ray was taken of his pelvic region that showed 29 needles lodged within. In 1928, approximately five years after his wife abandoned him and their children, Albert Fish decided to act upon a growing urge. He responded to a newspaper advertisement of a young boy looking for employment. After he responded by telegram, he arrived at the young man’s house, bearing lunch. He quickly lost interest in the young man once Fish seen his younger sister, Grace Budd. He convinced her parents to let him take her to his niece’s birthday party, which was fictional. She was to never be seen again. Albert took Grace to an old abandoned house where he tricked her into coming into the house where he was naked, waiting for her. He strangled her, cut her up into little pieces, and devoured her. Fish said that he got the idea of cannibalism from his uncle in 1894, which was never verified. His uncle, Captain John Daus, sailed to China during the time of a famine. Children were sold to be butchered. They were brought out in parts to be cut to one’s choosing and sold as veal. The captain told his nephew human meat did taste of veal, and the behind was the sweetest part. The captain stole two children to bring home with him. He beat their behinds for days, while they were still alive, to make it nice and tender. Albert Fish decided he had to try it. Not only did the environment in which he grew up shape Albert Fish, it is believed that his genetic influences may have had a huge impact as well. â€Å"His family had a history of mental illness: his uncle suffered from religious mania, a brother was confined in the state mental hospital, another brother had died of hydrocephalus and his sister had a â€Å"mental affliction†. Three other close relatives suffered from severe mental illnesses and his mother was believed to suffer frequent aural and/or visual hallucinations† (Farlex, 2011). Albert Fish seems to fall in the postconventional moral development area of psychological development. Postconventional morality is how â€Å"people reason using abstract, self-defined moral principles that may not match conventional moral beliefs† (Kowalski Western, 2009). Fish was a very religious man. He claimed that his reasoning for his crimes were of religious purposes. He took the word of the Bible and twisted it to make his doings the work of God. Several times he said he was visited by Jesus Christ. Jesus would give him messages telling him what to do. Fish identified religion with suffering. In all his doings, he thought he was doing right because no angels came and stopped him as they did in the story of Abraham and the sacrifice of his son Isaac. The word ‘stripes’ in the Bible he referred to the lashes left by being whipped. He performed castrations and sacrificed virgins. Fish put cannibalism on the same level as communion. Eat the flesh and drink the blood, and they will become one with him, and he with them. This made Albert Fish feel God-like and powerful. He said he inserted the needles into his pelvic region to purge himself of sin by torcher. Theories of Personality The two different theories of personality selected are the drive model of Freud’s theory of psychodynamics and the cognitive-social theory. â€Å"Freud reasoned that if a symptom is not of physiological origin and the patient is consciously trying to stop it but cannot, then opposing the conscious will must be an unconscious counter-will of equal or greater magnitude† (Kowalski Western, 2009), which is the basis for his theories. The drive model was proposed by two basics: sex and aggression. Albert Fish used both together to shape his life. To him they were one and the same. He enjoyed and got off the torcher of himself and others. â€Å"Cognitive–social theories share the behaviorist belief that learning (rather than instinct, conflict, or defense) is the basis of personality and that personality d ispositions tend to be relatively specific and shaped by their consequences. However, they also focus on beliefs, expectations, and information processing† (Kowalski Western, 2009). This theory shows how environmental demands, and the way one processes the information about themselves and the world can have an effect on one’s interaction of a situation, such as school or in an orphanage, and one’s learned tendencies to behave in a certain way in a certain circumstance, which in turn can reflect one’s knowledge and beliefs. Albert Fish’s environment at the Catholic orphanage demanded him to watch other boys get whipped. He was also whipped himself. He began to relate this abuse to sexual gratification by torching himself and others. He also connected suffering to religious aspects, such as being purged of sin. In the end believed the religion was his reason for his crimes. The author believes the cognitive-theory best explains Albert Fish’s behaviors and achievements because of his strong belief that what he was doing was an act of God. If Fish was never subjected to the environment at the orphanage, he may not have developed the sexual urge from torcher. The author also believes many other factors in Fish’s life contributed to his deranged achievement, such as the family history of mental illness and the psychotic break, which occurred when his wife abandoned him and his children. Albert Fish’s environment and religious upbringing was horrid yet detrimental to his moral psychological development. It is obvious that family issues and support systems along with hereditary influences has greatly impacted his life and influenced his behaviors and achievements. Albert Fish was found guilty of murder in the first degree and sentenced to death by electric chair. He was 65. References Farlex. (2011). The Free Dictionary. Farlex, Inc. Retrieved May 22, 2011 from The Free Dictionary by Farlex: http://www. thefreedictionary. com/developmental+psychology Kowalski, Robin and Western, Drew. (2009). Psychology. 5th Ed. Chp. 10, 12, and 13. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Retrieved May 22, 2011 from the University of Phoenix: https://ecampus. hoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC. aspx? assetMetaId=e5b1e2e8-3a11-4d07-970f-cecd423d9973assetDataId=63bf6c04-77c0-4129-afdb-dd2c6b73eccf Borowski, John. (2006). Albert Fish: In Sin He Found Salvation. Waterfront Productions. Schechter, Harold. (1990). Deranged: The Shocking True Story of America’s Fiendish Killer! How to cite Social Influences on Behavior, Papers Social Influences on Behavior Free Essays Social Influences on Behavior Somchai Knorr Grantham University Social Influences on Behavior â€Å"Sociologists and philosophers had recognized that people behave differently in crowds than they do as individuals and that a crowd is more than the mere sum of its parts† (Kowalski Western, 2005). Human behavior changes based on social situations individuals may encounter, and these encounters may begin as early as toddler years. Individuals learn to adapt to society by changing their behavior in order to â€Å"fit in† with the rest of the crowd. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Influences on Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two examples of how an individual’s behavior changes based on social situations are when a) a person decides to drink liquor at a social event. The second example of when an individual’s behavior changes based on social situations is b) when a person decides to smoke marijuana or cigarettes. One may see these behaviors in an individual who regularly does not behave like so when they are trying to act like â€Å"everyone else. † These behaviors may be seen in situations such as a party, a club, or a popular social event, where an individual will find it fitting to behave differently to receive recognition from other social crowds. Precursors and Consequences â€Å"When he first arrived on campus at age 18, he figured he had to drink if he wanted to fit in, even though the legal drinking age is 21† (Wilson, 2008). Students, especially in colleges and universities, find themselves in situations where they believe they have to take part in drinking and partying to get approval from the rest of the student body to increase their self-esteem and popularity. An example of social comparison would be a student drinking and smoking to fit in with the crowd. Adults may also find themselves peer pressured to drink alcohol or smoke when taking part in extracurricular activities, such as going out to clubs or attending social events, to feel relaxed or content. Drinking and smoking is advertised on a daily basis as a way of â€Å"enjoying the party. † One example that I have observed would be with the recent kick off of the American football season. My television sets are invaded with beer commercials emphasizing on how fans seem to enjoy the game more when they are drinking a beer, when I visit my ocal Wal-Mart or Publix, there is an area designed just for football fans made of beer products. Social psychology concepts concentrate on the individual and the situation in which that individual is in. As mentioned above, self-esteem is one of the examples that apply to individuals who use liquor, marijuana or tobacco as a coping mechanism. The self-concept of one not being able to function correctly without the liquor or the tobacco in their system is another concept of social psychology. In the long run the individual is at risk of affecting his or her health, their education, and their social standing. Associated Phenomenon Phenomenon’s such as social facilitation and social influence have been associated with behaviors, such as drinking and smoking in social events. Social influence â€Å"Social influence, effects of the presence of others on the way people think, feel, and behave† (Kowalski Westen, 2005). Social influence is associated with both behaviors because the changes in behaviors are due to the attitudes of others or guidance towards a particular direction, in this case the drinking and smoking of tobacco or marijuana. Another example of how social influence affects the behavior of an individual in guiding them towards smoking or drinking with the perception that getting involved is pleasurable and accepted widely among other peers. One might find themselves as the only person the group of peers that does not smoke or drink, at one point or another they will involve themselves in the same activities because everyone else is drinking and smoking and they have not had any severe apparent consequences. When it becomes a routine for everyone around oneself to party constantly and go on drinking and smoking binges, conformity is another phenomenon that occurs because this person is accommodating themselves to standards of the rest of the group. Social facilitation Social facilitation is another phenomenon that is associated to individuals who use drinking and smoking as an excuse to behave in a certain way. Individuals use drinking as a way to express their feelings better in a group of people or towards a certain individual. For example, when a person drinks while out at a club or a party, they may feel as if they have the confidence to approach others they may find attractive or laugh and dance within the group of partygoers. â€Å"Small amounts of alcohol might dull painful feelings† (C. A. M. H. , 2008). Just as individuals use drinking and smoking as a way to feel happy and relaxed others use these substances to feel numb. Individuals use alcohol as a gateway to forgetting any traumatic events in their lives such as being sexually, physically, or emotionally abused. The stress of dealing with other individuals, like a significant other, a parent, or a child, with mental or health issue also leaves behind emotional distress, and one may feel that the way of dealing with the stress is to drink. Recently a close friend started smoking cigarettes; I questioned her on why she had taken on this habit. Her response left me flabbergasted; it seemed ridiculous to me, that she had taken on this habit because it was a way of dealing with the stress of having three children at the age of 21. Therapeutic Intervention When an individual or an individual’s family and friends consider therapeutic intervention it is for the simple fact that the behavior has escalated to an uncontrollable degree. When an individual loses control of his or her life, the therapeutic intervention is what provides the guidance, reasoning, and inspiration for the person to make the needed changes to get back on track. The determining factor of whether a person should consider therapeutic intervention or not is the frequency and quantity of alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana is consuming. Another determining factor would be the reason of why this individual has taken on this behavior. As mentioned earlier, many people begin smoking marijuana or cigarettes and begin drinking alcohol when they have encountered stressful situations as well as having to deal with traumatic events. Conclusion As examined, behaviors such as smoking and drinking are changed endured by humans based on social situations they encounter. Social situations such as parties or traumatic past events may trigger oneself to act a certain way or take on new habits. Individuals may feel that by partaking in certain activities their social standings will improve. Unfortunately, if the right amount of self control is not applied an individual may find oneself overwhelmed and become addicted to a substance or lifestyle. References Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. PAHO. (2008). Retrieved October  11, 2009, from http://www. camh. net/About_Addiction_Mental_Health/Drug_and_Addiction_Informatio n/Women_and_Alcohol/alcohol_feelings. html Thadani, Vandana; Huchting, Karen; LaBrie, Joseph. (2009, August 1). Alcohol-related information in multi-component interventions and college students’ drinking behavior The Free Library. (2009). Retrieved October 10, 2009 from http://www. thefreelibrary. com/Alcohol-related information in multi-component interventions and†¦ -a0207704284 University of Phoenix. (2009). Week Five Readings: Psychology, Chapter 15. Retrieved October 6, 2009, from University of Phoenix, Week Five, PSY/300—General Psychology Web site. Wilson, Brenda. (2008, October  23). University Uses ‘Social Norming’ to Curb Drinking. NPR Health. Retrieved from http://www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=95937183 How to cite Social Influences on Behavior, Papers Social Influences on Behavior Free Essays Abstract Diverse societal situations, or situational variables, may include a huge influence on a person’s actions and performances. Psychology has an important function in individual’s communication which is why it is crucial that we need to comprehend how psychological factors can manipulate someone’s actions when they are face to face with a variety of public situations. A number of these factors will incorporate: the need to fit in, unselfishness, traditional values, social facilitation, and respect. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Influences on Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Humans frequently become accustomed to their public settings because various types of social environments support the growth of specific behaviors. This is frequently due to a mixture of the abovementioned psychological factors that manipulate someone’s actions in any given social circumstances. Social Influences on Behavior Paper Human Interaction Humans will experience social situations all the time, just about every day. The way that we react or conduct ourselves all the way through these types of situations can be prejudiced by the essential psychological concept of human communication. Human communication is â€Å"how people think, feel, and behave toward one another† (Newcomb, Turner, Converse, 1996). This communication can be seen as unfair by a lot of factors, which can incorporate: human being experiences, stereotype, favoritism, and acknowledgment. Everybody has had their own unique experiences throughout life which often influences the way they interact with other human beings. Each person’s experiences can reflect in the way that the person behaves in social settings and interacts with other humans. Stereotyping can affect the lives of all human beings in any given culture, which also has an impact on human interaction and behavior. All cultures tend to develop certain stereotypes (race, gender, sexual preference, etc. ) based on biased opinions, and these stereotypes can become evident when humans interact with one another. The role of discrimination within human interaction has been the topic of many controversies throughout history due to its negative impact on human interaction. Discrimination can cause controversy and anger between people who do not share commonalities. Stereotyping and discrimination are similar in that they are both driven by the influence of bias and prejudice. Attribution is an individual’s way of asking (or explaining) why people act or respond the way they do when faced with social situations (Kowalski Westen, 2009). Humans use attribution in an attempt to make sense of their own actions and the actions of those around them. All of these elements combine to create the building blocks of human interaction. Social Situations Social situations are virtually unavoidable for most people. Human beings are naturally social creatures, which is why most people learn to behave in a specific way when they have to be face to face with a range of public situations. One decent illustration of how a public situation can manipulate human beings actions would be the unlike those of how an adolescent behaves when he or she is around friends versus family members. Most adolescents are influenced by the concept of conformity when interacting with peers and friends. â€Å"Conformity is the process by which people change their attitudes or behavior to accommodate the standards of peers or groups† (Kowalski Westen, 2009). Adolescents may conform out of the need to belong within their specific group of peers. Fear of rejection might also be a driving factor behind adolescent conformity. For many adolescents group think is a strong influential factor. Group think â€Å"occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment. Groups affected by groupthink ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups† (Irving, 1982). The consequences that the adolescent may face by not conforming to certain expected behaviors may lead to isolation or even discrimination from the peer group. In the event that the adolescent conforms to dangerous or harmful behaviors (such as alcoholism or drugs) he or she may need therapeutic intervention in order to improve the destructive behaviors that are being exhibited. Without an intervention the adolescent may become addicted to drugs or alcohol or they may cause harm to themselves or others. Unfortunately this type of scenario happens to many adolescents due to the pressures of fitting in within a high school setting. Adolescents who are otherwise well-behaved with good judgment of ethics and principals can develop into an addiction by their group of friends and the effect of the group think that their overall actions become tainted or unnatural in a harmful way. When interacting with family members adolescents may be driven by social facilitation. Family members often push adolescents to achieve a certain level of success, which can alter the behavior of the adolescent due to the facilitating affect that the family members may have on the adolescent. Obedience is another important element of social interactions between adolescents and parental units. In most cases if an adolescent is not obedient and disobeys his or her parents there are often consequences as a result of the disobedient behavior. Another example of how social interaction can change an individual’s behavior would be a situation in which an upper-class individual is approached by a homeless person who is asking for money or food. In this type of social situation altruism is the key element that drives the behavior of the upper-class individual. Altruism is described as helping another individual with no expectations of personal gain or reward. The upper-class individual may not necessarily empathize with the homeless individual, but the need for altruism may encourage him or her to give the homeless person food or money. In this case the upper-class individual’s behaviors may actually be driven by ethical hedonism, which occurs when â€Å"apparent altruism is really aimed at making the apparent altruist feel better† (Kowalski Westen, 2009). The upper-class individual may fear that not responding to and helping the homeless individual will lead to consequences such as being portrayed as cheap or egocentric. Although it may appear that the upper-class individual is being altruistic, his or her behavior may actually be driven by selfish motives that are unapparent to other people. In this particular example no therapeutic intervention would be needed. Conclusion The influence of factors such as altruism, obedience, conformity, and social-facilitation can be evident in all social interactions. Social psychology also plays an imperative role in all basic human interactions because it helps resolve some of the mystery behind people’s actions. While comprehending specific basics of public/social psychology can definitely help out in the awareness of several people’s actions it is difficult to fully comprehend and explain all of the driving factors behind each and every individual’s behavior within social situations. Human behavior is typically unpredictable, but there are a variety of common factors that can influence behaviors in any given social setting, which is where social psychology comes into play. How to cite Social Influences on Behavior, Papers Social Influences on Behavior Free Essays Human interaction is a type of action that occurs as two or more human beings have an effect upon one another. Individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that determine their emotions and behavior. Simply, we adapt to our surroundings. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Influences on Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every situation and setting requires a different set of mannerisms. For example, people act differently at work then when they’re with friends. Work is often a lot more strict and proper and to maintain those expectations, one must carefully consider what they say and what they do. But on the other hand, being with friends is a much more casual thing–you can talk about pretty much anything in whatever manner you want to. Human behavior tends to change based on social situations. This is especially when the unexpected occurs; we analyze and discuss why people act as they do. In everyday life we do the same . Does his warmth reflect romantic interest in me, or is that how he relates to everyone?Does his absenteeism signify laziness or an oppressive work atmosphere? Social Influences on Behavior This essay examines basic concepts of human interaction from a psychology perspective. In this examination, two examples of how human behavior changes based on social situation are described. Behavior is contagious. One person giggles, coughs, or yawns, and others in the group are soon doing the same. A cluster of people stands gazing upward, and passersby pause to do likewise. Laughter, even canned laughter, can be infectious.Bartenders and street musicians know to â€Å"seed ‘ their tip cups with money that suggests that others have given. This suggestibility is a subtle type of conformity . Conformity involves adjusting our thinking and behavior to bring it into line with some group standard. But why do people comply with this social influence? Why do we clap when others clap, eat as others eat, believe what others believe, even see what others see? Frequently, it is to avoid rejection or to gain social approval. In such cases , we are responding to what social psychologists call normative social influence .We are sensitive to social norms – understood rules for accepted and expected behavior- because the price we pay for being different may be severe. We may do the accepted thing because the group can provide valuable information. When we accept others` opinions about reality, we are responding to informational social influence. Have you ever heard the saying â€Å"Those who never retract their opinions love themselves more than they love the truth†? But a conforming behavior does not necessitate therapeutic intervention . As these reasons for conformity suggest; social influence can be either constructive or destructive. When influence supports that we approve ,then we applaud those who are â€Å"open-minded ‘ and â€Å"sensitive ‘ enough to be â€Å"responsive ‘ When influence supports what we disapprove , then we scorn the â€Å"submissive conformity ‘ of those who comply with others` wishes . Conformity is associated by such group phenomena as group think, minority influence, group polarization and social facilitation. I have realized that I tend to have my own behaviors and attitudes influenced by the presence of others that I am surrounded by such as being in the presence of children or when I am in the company of a pregnant woman this also happens to me.This is a natural characteristic of mine that I have had as far back as I can possibly remember. I see this behavior in just about everyone I have come across; it just sometimes comes out very differently in different people. Some people’s behaviors and attitudes can be positive and there are even some people w ho have negative reactions to certain groups of people who they are surrounded by. When I am in a room surrounded by children I definitely see a change in my behavior and attitudes. Since I can remember I have always loved children and loved being in their presence.When I am in the presence of children I have noticed and also have been told by others that my voice will change almost as if it adapts to the children’s voices or to put me at a level with the children. It is actually a very interesting thing and I have seen it happen to other people as well, and I suppose I never noticed it until it was brought to my attention. I definitely do it when talking to an infant. Also, another way my behavior changes are I will actually get down to the child’s level and play with them as if I were their age.For example, if a little girl is playing with dolls I will also grab a doll and play with the little girl to entertain her and make her smile. Playing with dolls is not something I would do normally at my age so that is definitely a behavioral change. Lastly when I am in the company of a child I will become very conscious of the things I say and do, for the fact that I do not want to do anything that would be inappropriate in front of the child. This is definitely something that I become way more conscious of when in the presence of a child then when I would be around an older crowd.When I am around pregnant woman I will definitely find myself changing some of my behaviors and attitudes. I sort of did not like being pregnant, and I still remember all the many things about it, the good and bad. One thing I find myself doing around the pregnant women is I’ll try to be extremely sensitive when it comes to the pet peeves I had during my pregnancy like I will not stare at them because I remember how extremely self conscious I was regarding my weight especially when people would stare at me. I will never make comments in reference to the weight or try to not to guess how far along she is.Finally, another way I see my attitude an d behavior change around a pregnant woman would be I find myself becoming much more polite for example, If I were on a bus and It was crowded and I was in a seat and a pregnant woman came on the bus but there wasn’t any more seats I would without even thinking about it get up and offer her my seat. The reason I am well mannered when it comes to pregnant woman is because I too was once pregnant, and I remember how at times it was such a difficult and uncomfortable situation to be in. I also remember how much I appreciated it when people would be so polite, and try to help me in any way.I am only trying to pay the good deed forward. Different situations with different people will sometimes change both my behaviors and my attitude. I am aware of most of these situations that change the way I act and am happy to say that when I change my attitude or behaviors that they are for the better. I was brought up to always respect others, and to always have others best interests at heart and I am glad that I am still living up to those standards. There is nothing wrong with being able to adapt to different situations as long as you are not doing any changing in a negative way. How to cite Social Influences on Behavior, Papers

The Crusades Essay Research Paper The crusades free essay sample

The Crusades Essay, Research Paper The campaigns were military expeditions launched against the Moslems by the Christians in an effort to recover the Holy Land. They took topographic point between 1095 A.D. and 1270 A.D. It was one of the most violent periods in the history of world. The get downing point of the campaigns was on November 18, 1095 A.D. when Pope Urban II opened the Council of Clermont. On November 27, outside the Gallic metropolis of Clermont-Ferrand, the Pope made an of import address. He called upon everyone to assist the Christians in the E to reconstruct peace. The crowd # 8217 ; s response was really positive. Garments were cut into crosses which were attached to people # 8217 ; s shoulders in an imitation of Christ ( Matthew 10:38 ) . ( 1 ) The original object of the First Crusade was to assist Christian churches in the E. The new end became to liberate the Holy Land from Muslim control, particularly Jerusalem. Pope Urban II stayed in France until September 1096 to supply leading and counsel for the members of the First Crusade. He urged clerics to prophesy the cross in France. Urban wanted the fighting ground forces to be largely made up of knights and other military forces. Since the intelligence of his address at Clermont spread through the West, people from all societal categories and businesss joined the Campaign. As a consequence of Urban losing control of forces, force was launched against the Jews of northern France. This force was largely instigated by sets of the urban and rural hapless led by work forces like Peter the Hermit and Walter Sans-Avoir. These groups lacked supplies and subject. They attempted to make Constantinople but most of them neer got that far. The leaders in lands which they passed through were frightened and killed many of the crusading sets. Some did acquire to Constantinople and traveled across the Bosphorus in August 1096. There they split into two groups. One tried to catch Nicaea and was unsuccessful. The other was ambushed and slaughtered near Civetot in October. The staying reformers retreated to Constantinople and joined the 2nd moving ridge of the Crusade. The reformers were eager to get down the journey to Jerusalem but they needed to capture the Anatolian Turkish capital of Nicaea foremost because it blocked the route that would be their chief supply path. It was held by Seljuk Turks. In May 1097, the reformers attacked Nicaea. The Turks realized that they were defeated and agreed to give the metropolis to the Byzantines in exchange for the lives of their work forces. The Byzantines agreed to this and on June 18, Nicaea was under Byzantine control. The leaders of the campaign disagreed and wanted to butcher the Turks because they were enemies of Christ. ( 2 ) On June 30, 1097, the reformers were ambushed at the metropolis of Dorylaeum by Seljuk Turks led by Kilij Arslam the Seljuk Sultan. The battle continued until July 1. The reformers won a large triumph and about wiped out the Turkish force. This triumph opened up the manner to Anatolia. The reformers attacked Anitoch in northern Syria on October 21, 1097. # 8220 ; This was the chief obstruction on the route to Jerusalem. # 8221 ; ( 3 ) In a long and ghastly conflict, the metropolis eventually fell on June 2, 1098. The reformers were rapidly attacked by a new Turkish ground forces from Al Mawsil. They arrived excessively late to resuscitate Anitoch # 8217 ; s Turkish guardians and they were forced to withdraw on June 28. The starting day of the month for the March to Jerusalem was set for November 1, 1098 but was delayed by an epidemic every bit good as contending to the South of Anitoch. On January 13, 1099 the commander-in-chief, Count Raymond IV of Toulouse, led the reformers # 8217 ; March to Jerusalem. They avoided onslaughts on metropoliss to conserve forces. In May 1099 they reached the northern boundary line of Palestine. On June 7 they camped on the acme of a hill where they could see Jerusalem. Many soldiers had cryings of joy on that twenty-four hours. The hill was named Montjoie. Jerusalem was good fortified and merely vulnerable from the North and the sou-west. On June 13 they tried to ramp Jerusalem but were driven back because of deficient supplies. Extreme heat and a H2O deficit lowered morale. A priest called Peter Desiderius told them that if they fasted and held a emanation around the walls of Jerusalem with sufficient piousness, the metropolis would be theirs within nine yearss. The reformers did this and, when they completed edifice three mini palaces, they assaulted Jerusalem on July 13. # 8220 ; There was a craze of killing as everyone was hacked down. # 8221 ; ( 4 ) The governor and his staff were the lone Muslims to get away alive. The Judaic library incorporating 8 Torah axial rotations and 330 manuscripts survived. After the First Crusade, four Levant provinces were established: Jerusalem, Tripoli, Anitoch, and Edessa. The success of this campaign was mostly due to the isolation and failing of the Muslim powers. ( 5 ) The Muslim reunion started in the Middle East under Imad ad-Din Zangi, the swayer of Al Mawsil and Halab. The Muslims got their foremost great triumph versus the reformers when they captured Edessa in 1144 and destroyed the reformer province in that part. This led to the Second Crusade, which was proclaimed tardily in 1145. Many people joined the campaign, including the King Louis VII of France and the sanctum Roman emperor, Conrad III. Conrad # 8217 ; s ground forces left Nuremberg, Germany for Jerusalem in May 1147. A few hebdomads subsequently the Gallic ground forces set out for Metz. The Germans tried to traverse cardinal Anatolia in October, but the Seljuks defeated them near Dorylaeum. The subsisters fled to Nicaea. The other German contingent, led by Otto of Freising, was defeated by Turks at Ladoicea. The staying reformers fled to the seashore of Pamphylia and were slaughtered in February 1148. Few subsisters finished the trip to Syria by ship. The Gallic ground forces had reached Constantinople on October 4, 1147. The Gallic so journeyed through Byzantine district in West Asia Minor. The Turks destroyed most of them, but the Gallic male monarch, the German Emperor, and some knights survived and traveled by ship to Outremer from Antalya on the southern seashore of Asia Minor. Zengi had died before the reformers arrived so his boies took control, Saif al-Din in Mosul and Nur al-Din in Aleppo. Joescelin II, the Frankish count of Edessa, took advantage of Zengi # 8217 ; s decease and tried to recover his capital, but Nur al-Din massacred the Edessan population and retook it. On June 24, 1148 the High Court of Jerusalem met at Palmarea near Acre. The determination was made to assail Damascus, since Edessa was no longer the war aim. On July 24, they camped along the West side of Damascus. The Palestinian barons convinced the two male monarchs that the groves on the West were doing the besieging more hard, so they moved to the sou-east. They couldn # 8217 ; t remain really long in the sou-east because it was a hot waterless field. On that same twenty-four hours they retreat their ground forces. The Second Crusade had failed miserably. There was merely one success from the whole campaign: a group of Dutch and English reformers had captured the metropoliss of Libson and Tort osa. ( 6 ) The Muslims had clip to reorganize after the Second Crusade, and in 1169, Nur al-Din # 8217 ; s forces took Egypt. Saladin took control of the Muslims when Nur al-Din died on May 15, 1174 in Damascus. In 1180 he joined forces with the Anatolian Seljuk grand Turk, Kilij Arslan II. Saladin stopped the fusion of Aleppo and Mosul in 1182, brought Aleppo under his control in 1183, and made a four twelvemonth armistice with the Franks in 1185 after occupying Palestine in 1183. Reynald of Ch? tillon, leader of the Franks, broke the armistice when he heard of a rich train of unarmed merchandisers going on the east bank of Jordan. In revenge, Saladin invaded Palestine in 1187. The Franks got their forces together to defy Saladin at Zippori. On July 4 Saladin defeated the Latin ground forces at Hattin in Galilee. Jerusalem surrendered on October 2. On October 29, 1187, Pope Gregory VIII, who succeeded Pope Urban II after he died from daze of the licking at Hattin, declared the Third Crusade. Three major European sovereigns joined: the holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I ; the Gallic King, Philip II ; and the English King, Richard I. It was the largest force of reformers since 1095. Frederick died in Anitoch along with many others as a consequence of an epidemic. Most of his ground forces returned to Germany. Philip and Richard reached Palestine but couldn # 8217 ; t recover Jerusalem. Many metropoliss along the Mediterranean seashore were freed from Saladin # 8217 ; s control. On July 12, 1191 Acre surrendered to the Christians. Richard left the Holy Land on October 9, 1192. The Latin Kingdom had been restored. In 1198 Pope Innocent III proclaimed a Fourth Crusade. In April 1202 the reformers asked the Venetians for conveyance because they overestimated the figure of people who would sail. The Venetians agreed to prorogue the payment due to them if the reformers helped them recapture Zara which had been taken from them by Hungary. The leaders of the campaign had no other pick. Some protested, stating that an onslaught on a Christian metropolis is a wickedness. On November 24, Zara was captured. The full ground forces was excommunicated but the Pope lifted it when he heard of the state of affairs. On June 24, 1203, the fleet anchored at Chalcedon, and on July 17, Constantinople was attacked from sea and land. Emperor Alexius III fled in fright. Isaac II Angelus and his boy Alexius IV became co-emperors. In a rebellion in January 1204, both were murdered. Alexius V Ducas Murzuphlus became emperor. On April 12, 1204, they stormed the metropolis and took control of the walls. On April 14 Constantinople was captured. The Crusaders and Venetians murdered and looted for three yearss. Afterwards the reformers started their ain imperium in the Byzantine ruins with a Catholic faith, Gallic address, and Italian commercial policies. The Albigensian Crusade was from 1202-1229. During the 12th Century Albigensians made many converts in western Languedoc. Innocent III preached a campaign against Raymond VI of Toulouse, defender of the Albigensians. The campaign turned into a battle for control of the Pyrenean land of Catalonia and southern France. There was a batch of blood shed. In the Peace of Paris in 1229, the Capetian monarchy began determining Languedoc into a Gallic land. The church of Rome got a house clasp on southern France. The Christians failed to convey Catharss under their control. The Children # 8217 ; s Crusade of 1212 began in Rhineland and Lower Lorraine. In the spring big crowds of kids gathered at that place. The leader was a male child named Nicholas from Cologne. The end of this campaign was to capture the Holy Land. The Gallic King persuaded a big group of Gallic kids to return place. The group led by Nicholas reached Genoa on August 25. They expected God to let them to walk across the sea but that didn # 8217 ; t go on. What happened after that is a enigma. The narrative most believe says that two Marseilles merchandisers provided seven ships for the kids. Two wrecked off Sardinia and the kids on the other five ships were sold into bondage in North Africa and Egypt. In 1213 Innocent III opened a new campaign. He had no uncertainty about the Fifth Crusade because the Book of Revelations said that Islam would last less than 666 old ages. It started in 622 A.D. so they idea it would stop by 1288 A.D. Innocent III died on July 16, 1216 and Honorlus III became his replacement. # 8220 ; He was dedicated to the campaign but lacked the political strength and energy of Innocent III. # 8221 ; ( 7 ) In return for the gaining control of Zara during the Fourth Crusade , the Venetians agreed to transport the Magyar ground forces. The reformers arrived at Acre in May 1218. Egypt was now the mark. If they could acquire it, all of southern Palestine could be easy attained. On May 29, 1218, the fleet anchored off shore and the ground forces was placed on the west bank of the Nile. The reformers overtook a tower protecting Damietta. Alternatively of assailing Damietta, the reformers waited for supports. Saladin # 8217 ; s nephew, Sultan al-Kamil, attacked the reformer cantonment but was defeated. In September al-Kamil offered Jerusalem, Palestine, Galilee, and the return of the true cross if the Christians evacuated Egypt. Cardinal Pelagius, leader of the Christian ground forces, rejected the offer. He didn # 8217 ; t want to come to footings with the Muslims. On November 5, 1219, Damietta was captured. In August 1221 the Crusaders attacked the Egyptians but were forced to resignation Damitetta. Emperor Frederick II took up the Sixth Crusade in 1215. Political jobs in the West kept him from fall ining. He wanted to hike his visual aspect by recovering the Holy Land. Pope Gregory IX excommunicated him in 1227 when his journey was delayed more because of an unwellness. He eventually left for the Holy Land in June 1228. In February 1229, Sultan al-Kamil surrendered Jerusalem because he was afraid of Frederick # 8217 ; s expedition. A 10 twelvemonth armistice was agreed upon. No blood was shed during this peaceable, political campaign. King Louis IX of France organized the Seventh Crusade after the Muslims recaptured Jerusalem in 1244. Louis spent four old ages planning and at the terminal of August 1248, Louis and his ground forces sailed to Cyprus. The ground forces spent the winter in Cyprus while waiting for supports. The fleet left at the terminal of May and stopped off at Damietta on June 5, 1249. On June 6 the citizens of Damietta evacuated in a terror. The reformers spent the summer in Damietta waiting for supports. On November 20, 1249, the ground forces started to March to Cairo. In the spring of 1250, they attacked Cairo. Louis surrendered to the Egyptians in April 1250. Damietta was given up and a ransom was paid. The Europeans # 8217 ; calls for more campaigns were stupid and didn # 8217 ; T accomplish much. ( 8 ) Italian metropoliss had better commercialism and there was a greater involvement in researching the orient thanks to the campaigns. New trade markets were established. The direct general revenue enhancement system was developed during the campaigns. As you can see, the campaigns were one of the most violent periods of clip in the history of world.

Research Test 1 Flashcard

Research Test 1

Women Studies Rape

Women Studies Rape Introduction Rape is a misdemeanor offense in which an individual mandates to have sexual contact without his or her approval. Though majority rapes are never accounted for, the figure of occurrences documented in the United States tremendously increased between 1970 and 1986. It is not in fact acknowledged if the number of rapes is augmented or if additional victims are enthusiastic to report the cases. Indignity, terror of retribution or denial and the shock of a court audition are regular causes for refusal to testify against a sexual felony (Williams, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women Studies: Rape specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More History of Rape The record of society’s appreciation to sexual aggression has its pedigree in English assets law. The problem of sexual attack did not come into the realization of the United States’ civil society until the feminist pressure groups of th e 1960s. Feminists perceived rape as an instrument for upholding patriarchy, a brutal technique of stirring up horror in women and strengthening their inferiority to men. This perspective has fashioned the approach in our culture in describing and conceptualizing sexual violence presently. Kids who are induced to hostility between their relatives are possibly caught up in brutal love affairs when they become adults. The configuration of the family appears to have effects on the feelings and conducts of kids brought up in them. Aggressive sex delinquents are known to be prone rape compared to other grownups that experienced deprived parental upbringing, unfortunate control, corporal violence, abandonment, and separation from their parents. The Causes of Rape Cultural Expectations and Rape myths Prospects conveyed by culture classically push men to believe they are greater, unrestricted and that they are supposed to be constantly on the sentry for and prepared to kick off sex in their affairs with women. Simultaneously, these sexual writings train women to believe that they are in charge of situating the confines and speed of sexual intercourse in their interaction with men. Rape folklores naturally reject the reality of sexual attack, justify it and lessen the gravity of its consequences. Virtually all cultures accept rape and have instruments that are responsible for sexual aggression. The Media and the School Since the beginning days of contemporary feminist’s pressure groups, women challenged that pornography facilitated sexual violence towards females depicts them as not anything apart from sex items, an outlook that is backed by research. Television and cinemas frequently pass the information that such brutality functions to demean women. Involvement in group activities could augment the danger of sexual violence. Peers are extra powerful in determining personality actions than environmental science, individuality, kin, faith, or traditions (Scott Glenna, 1994).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychopathology and Individuality Qualities Men involved in rape cases have been spotted with a broad range of psychiatric and character disarrays, mainly disruptive individuality confusion. However, personality gauging of rapists has established that there is no momentous variation between sexual delinquents and those confined for platonic felonies. The extent of participation in sexually coercive actions seems to be correlated to individual quantities of capriciousness, deficiency of collective sense of right and wrong and a worth course legalizing antagonism, predominantly against women. The largest part findings have summarized that there is much of heterogeneity amongst rapists and that sexual violence is caused by various dynamics. In fact, it has been alleged that the personality data of rapist criminals mor e directly counterparts the personality data of men in the broad populace as compared to any other forms of crimes (Hooks, 2000). Masculinity and Power Drives Research has established that drives of supremacy and rage are more famous in rapists’ justification of sexual violence than sexual wishes are. Sexually hostile men candidly confess that their sexual desires are antagonistic and brutal. The level of affiliation between a man and a woman may perhaps influence the likelihood of aggression. A number of researches propose that men who rape on initial or subsequent dates possibly will have connection to outsider raping while men who rape near the beginning in what or else materialize to be an increasing association may just misconceive their partners’ meaning (Allison Wrightsman, 1993) Feminist Movements Feminist movements refer to numerous attempts put in place to bring about change. For instance, they attempt to bring about an end to brutality against women, provid e the same chances for men and women, allow women sufficient motherhood leave and bring to a halt pestering of women sexually. Women have since time in memorial been fatalities of socio-cultural unfairness. The feminist lobby groups have managed to penetrate through inflexible socio-cultural structure in society primarily through backing female child education. The entire globe no longer practices female injustice by handing over minor roles to women. In its place, some women have raised to sky-scraping positions in politics and finance (Harris, 1990).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women Studies: Rape specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Islamic Feminism Islamic feminism is apprehensive about the position of women in Islam and aspires for the complete egalitarianism among Muslims, despite of sex, in civic and personal life. Even though it is ingrained in Islam, the association’s founders have made use of worldly and Western feminist discourse. Campaigners of the lobby group try to underscore the extremely deep-seated experience of impartiality in the Quran and query the patriarchal explanation of Islamic philosophy through the Quran, hadith (maxim of Muhammad) and sharia (rule) towards the formation of a new, identical and fair society. Lots of ayaat (stanzas) of the Qur’an appear to pronounce gentleman/womanly sameness. Fundamentally, human beings are identical. They are merely differentiated among themselves on the origin of their legal observations or execution of the essential Quranic standard of integrity (Rhouni, 2001). Therefore, there is no disagreement between feminism and being religious. On one occasion, we identify feminism as consciousness of limits erected in front of women since sex, dismissal of restrictions erected on women, and attempts to create and employ unbiased gender structure are all patriarchal efforts meant to derail women efforts in the society (Bergen, 1996). Feminist movements in the Middle East employ three approaches. The approaches include first, reinterpreting ayaat of the Quran to rectify bogus information in frequent circulation. Secondly, it involves quoting ayaat that indisputably pronounce the egalitarianism of women and men and lastly, delink the section of ayaat conscientious to male and female variation that has been frequently construed in ways that rationalize male supremacy (Treanor, 2002). Conclusion In general, research on the roots of sexual brutality has paid attention to two forms of premises those entrenched in individuality of the delinquent, and those that spot distinctiveness of culture in which we exist. None the theories fully elucidates the occurrence of sexually brutal activities in our civilization. Modern research in the discipline of sexual hostility points out that an incorporated theory will possibly have the superlative ability of amplifying what causes sexual cruelty in our culture. The police officer, with little research information thought indecent dressing causes sexual violence. References Allison, J. Wrightsman, L. (1993). Rape: The Misunderstood Crime. California: Sage.Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bergen, R. (1996). Wife Rape: Understanding the Response of Survivors and Service Providers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Harris, A. (1990). Essentialism in Feminism legal theory. American Sociological Journal. 42, 35-71. Hooks, B. (2000). Feminist theory: from margin to center. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press. Rhouni, R. (2001). Women and Gender, the Middle East and the Islamic world. Web. Scott, S. Glenna, S. (1994). Housework in Marital and Non-marital Households. American Sociological Review, 59(3), 17-31. Treanor, N. (2002).The feminist movement. Farmington Hills, ML: Green haven Press Williams, M. (2002). The Sexual Revolution. Farmington Hills, ML: Green haven Press

Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Public health - Essay Example In addition, baby boomers are busy people who are determined to improving their lives and those of people who matters to them. Therefore, becoming internet scurvy people is a survival strategy that they use to enhance their success. Unlike people from the previous generations, baby boomers are less likely to take or believe the words of authority figures and, hence they are obliged to find information though their own ways. â€Å"Monitoring patient satisfaction is important because it allows administrators, practitioners, and organizations as a whole to have an idea of what the consumers (patients) feel about the level and quality of care that is being administered.†Ã‚   Successful health care marketing strategies are established on long-term relationship with the society. It is evident that people from different generations have varied expectation from the health providers. This requires health practitioners, administrators, and organizations to have a constant monitoring system that allows them to identify the needs of the society. In addition, regular monitoring of the health system allows health providers to achieve a personalized approach in the health care system. Success in the health care sector will only be achieved when healthcare providers achieve a significant level of personalization in healthcare and service

International Business Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Business Finance - Essay Example However, expanding overseas is a major decision for the firm and it involves many risks dependent upon the country in which the firm decides to enter. Thus care and diligence is required in planning and implementing overseas expansion, in order to obtain positive results and growth for the firm. Overseas Expansions Every firm needs growth to fulfil its going concern requirement. Growth for the firm may be within the country of operations i.e. source country or on an international level. The increase in competition and technological advancements compel the firms to enter into new markets within the country and overseas. â€Å"Firms may expect to increase their profits through overseas operations.† (Habbard and O’Brien 2006) Thus firms engage in overseas operations for better results and diversity. There are many methods for overseas expansion depending upon the requirement and feasibility of the organization wanting to expand overseas. The basic method for international expansion is exporting. This is a low cost and low risk way to enter into the global market by selling your products in overseas domestic markets. The exporters get rebates by the government in order to promote the export and increase the foreign exchange reserve for their country. Another approach for expansion is the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). â€Å"Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the process whereby residents of one country (source country) acquire ownership of assets for the purpose of controlling the production, distribution, and other activities of a firm in another country (host country)† (Moosa 2002) This method is more expensive as compared to the previous one and requires more investment in terms of cash, machinery, personnel etc. There are different ways for this method to work, i.e. wholly owned subsidiary which is completely owned by the parent company, joint ventures that are partnerships between two business and strategic alliances that are arrangement s between businesses. Whatever way the firm decides to expand abroad depends upon its priorities. Other method of overseas expansion may involve relocation of production. In this method the firms shifts its production facilities to a country that provides cheaper labour, less trade barriers etc. This shifting reduces the product costs thus making it more competitive in the market. Management contracts are also used by the firms to provide managerial expertise to other businesses. Firms also use licensing and franchising as methods of overseas expansion. Thus overseas expansion is a decision that requires proactive thinking and careful selection of methods and deployment of the appropriate resources in order for it to be successful. Risks Involved in Overseas Expansion The overseas expansion brings with it different types of risks. The firms must assess these risks wisely in order for the expansion to be beneficial. These risks can be categorised as pure risks and speculative risks. â€Å"Pure risks are associated with hazards such as health, safety, environment and security, whereas speculative risks are associated with business, finance, human resources, information technology strategy and politics.† (Adams 2006) The risks of overseas expansion depend upon the country in which the country is expanding. When a firm goes overseas it may encounter fraud, corruption, and other means of terrorism.

Support Networks For Young Homeless People

Support Networks For Young Homeless People The support network of leaving care and statutory homeless young people 16 and 17 years old living in homeless hostels Contents 1. Introduction 2. â€Å"Legal† literature 2.1. Youth homelessness in England 2.2. Housing provision for 16/17 years old homeless young people 2.3. Leaving care 3. â€Å"Psychological† literature 3.1. Social networks 4. Methodology 4.1. Methodology 4.2. Construction of the interview 4.3. Procedure 4.4. The pilot study 4.5. Sample 4.6. Analysis of the interviews: categorisation of contents 5. Research findings and discussion 6. Conclusion 1. Introduction Adolescence is a period where important changes occur in the relationship between young people and their parents (Paikoff Brooks-Gunn, 1991). It seems that as young people try to become more independent the amount of conflict with parents increases (Paikoff Brooks-Gunn, 1991; Laursen et al., 1998). Conflict levels seem to be higher in middle adolescence and decrease in late adolescence (Paikoff Brooks-Gunn, 1991; Laursen et al., 1998). However, in some cases the conflict can be so intense that adolescents are evicted from the parental home or leave by their own initiative to avoid or escape the conflict situations and as a result they may become homeless (CHAR, 1996; Ploeg Scholte, 1997; Smith, 1998; Fitzpatrick, 2000). Some leave their parental homes while they are under the age of 18 years old which means that legally they are still children. Therefore, these adolescents can be accommodated by the Children Services, under section 20 of the Children Act 1989, if considered to b e children â€Å"in need† according to section 17 of the same act or by the Housing Department as statutory homeless under the Homelessness Act 2002 after their inclusion in the priority list introduced by the The Homelessness (Priority Need for Accommodation) (England) Order 2002. Research on the topic of homeless young people found that among this group is possible to find a large number of adolescents that had been looked after by the Local Authorities. This adolescents suffered, in some cases, separations of years and several restrictions in the contact with their natural family. Yet, the Local Authorities still have parental duties regarding them and in most cases they had been accommodated in foster families. This can provide young people leaving care with additional sources of support. It is often stated in literature that the social networks of homeless young people are poor and that they lack quality supportive links. In a study by Pleace et al. (2008) that looked at families and 16 and 17 years old accepted as homeless, the findings show that the instrumental (practical help in a crisis situation) and emotional (having someone to talk to) support received by 16 and 17 years old is mainly given by friends and family but overall this group is significantly less supported then the national average. Although this study gives an idea of the support networks of these group it is quantitative research and it does not provide much more information on the composition and quality of the support networks. Additionally, more than half of the participants were already 18 years old at the time the interview was conducted. Another study by Lemos and Durkacz (2002) that included 26 vulnerable people with ages between 17 and 53 years old with a history of homelessness showed tha t homeless people maintain supportive contacts with family although they differ substantially in regularity. Furthermore, they found that the relationship homeless people have with peers are mainly with other people they meet in homeless settings and although there are long term friendships this pattern is not the most common. This study provides qualitative information on the social network of homeless people, however there was only one respondent of 17 years old, all the other participants were older. Moreover it approached individuals with a history of homelessness with means that some of the participants were already in permanent accommodation and others had been homeless for several years. Homeless hostels provide accommodation for statutory homeless and leaving care with 16 and 17 years old. The adolescents in this last group suffered, in some cases, separations of years and several restrictions in the contact with their natural family. Yet, the Local Authorities still have parental duties regarding them and in most cases they had been accommodated in foster families. This can provide young people leaving care with additional sources of support. In this study the two groups will be compared to determine the extent of support received and the existing differences. The findings of this study can be used to enrich the knowledge about this vulnerable group and provide relevant information to professionals working with them in order to create methods to better support this group. Research suggests that homeless young people have less support than their peers in the general population There are a number of studies in the United Kingdom on the topic of youth homelessness. However, not much specific about the support networks and especially not much about the support network of homeless young people aged 16 and 17 years old. Additionally, the existent research focuses on homeless young people as a group and does not take into account the different groups of single homeless young people as statutory homeless and care leavers. This study aims to examine the social networks of homeless 16 and 17 years old living in homeless hostels in London. It intends to find out the extent to which homeless young people have contact with family and friends and the quality of the support received from both sources. It also aims to find whether there are differences between the social networks of statutory homeless and leaving care young people aged 16 and 17. The present paper is divided in five parts. The first part intends to contextualise the study by giving the different meanings of homelessness, presenting a brief history of homeless youth in England emphasising the causes that triggered that phenomenon to emerge. Additionally, the legal definition of homeless person will be given and the housing policies will be looked at. Finally, it will be presented an explanation of the term leaving care, the relevant legislation, the factors that can trigger homelessness and the factors that can affect the support network of this group. In the second part, a definition of social network and support network will be provided paying attention to the constructs that can be used to assess the existence and the quality of support networks, the importance of support networks will be highlighted and a studies of homeless support networks will be described and analysed. In the third part the design of the research and the sample will be described, the a nalysis of the interviews will be made and categorisation of the contents presented. In fourth part the results will be analysed and discussed related to the categories created. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn. 2. Legal literature 2.1. Youth homelessness in England There is no consensual definition of homelessness, as the same word has different meanings for the government, the voluntary agencies that work with this group of people, the common citizen and the media (Pleace and Quilgars, 1999). For the general public the word homeless is likely to bring to mind images of someone without shelter, and in that sense homeless people are seen as those who sleep on the streets. However, a homeless person can also be a person that does not have a house and lives in emergency accommodation, is institutionalised, lives in temporary accommodation, such as bed and breakfasts hostels, refuges or lives with friends or relatives for a period of time. The term homeless can also be applicable to people that live in bad housing conditions, such as overcrowded houses, substandard houses or in environments that present a threat to the safety and wellbeing of the individual. Finally, the broader definition of homeless also includes people that do not have sufficie nt economic resources to buy or rent their own house and as a consequence have to share accommodation on a long-term basis (Thornton, 1990 and Fitzpatrick et al. 2000). There is a legal definition of homelessness that will be given in the next section. However, for the purpose of this study young homeless people are those who are living in temporary accommodation and specifically homeless hostels. The phenomenon of homelessness among young people in Britain rose significantly during the 1980’s and 1990’s (Quilgars et al., 2008) due to a conjunction of economic, social and political factors (Thornton, 1990). In the 1970’s, a crisis in the oil industry led to a world economic recession that resulted in the closure of some companies and in a reduction in the recruitment or the redundancy of workers in others. This situation affected the manufacturing industries and in the United Kingdom it had a major impact on industries such as mining and ship-building. There was consequently a reduction in the number of jobs available or a complete lack of jobs in that industry, affecting particularly some areas of the country. The unemployment rate increased. Young school leavers, with almost no qualifications and with little or no work experience, that previously were able to get unskilled jobs were particularly affected. The increase in the rate of unemployment in some parts of the country made young people move to larger cities where they were more likely to find work in the service industry that had started to expand during the 1980’s (Hutson and Liddiard, 1997). However, the vast num ber of people that moved to big cities hoping to find a job, in conjunction with other demographic and social factors, aggravated the shortage of affordable houses . Consequently, in cities like London during the late 1980’s and early 1990’s it was possible to find a large number of young people sleeping in the streets (Smith, 1999). Some young people could not get a job and for those who managed to find work, the significant difference between their wages and those of adults made it harder for this group to compete in the housing market (Thornton, 1990). The growth of youth unemployment resulted in an increase in the number of benefit claims made by this group, which had a significant impact on the social security budget (Hutson and Liddiard, 1997). To reduce the benefits bill, the government introduced changes in the Social Security Benefits (Hutson and Liddiard, 1997). Until the late 1980’s unemployed young people were entitled to Supplementary Benefit that paid board and lodging allowances which permitted them to live in bed and breakfasts . However, by the end of that decade with the Social Security Act 1988 (Fitzpatrick, 2000) those benefits were discontinued and replaced by Income Support and Housing Benefit . The new benefit system introduced different payment rates according to the age of the applicant and young people aged 16 to 25 years old were entitled to the smallest amounts . When this system was introduced it was thought that it would discourage young people from leaving their parents’ home before they ha d sufficient economical resources to support themselves . Nevertheless, the effect, at least in the years following its implementation, was the opposite and there was an increase in the number of young people, that without having the opportunity to return home, ended up sleeping on the streets or accumulating huge debts (Thornton, 1990). Young people aged 16 and 17 were the most affected by the change in the benefit system as they could only claim Income Support in exceptional circumstances (Fitzpatrick, 2000). This included couples with children, single mothers, pregnant women, young people with mental or physical health problems or young people that attended full-time education (not higher education) and were estranged from their parents (Income support: information for new costumers, 2000). In 1986, the government extended the existing Youth Training Schemes, created in 1983, from one to two years in order to solve the problem of the high rate of unemployment among compulsory school leavers aged 16 and 17 and the forthcoming exclusion from the social security benefit system . This programme intended to provide young people with the adequate skills to successfully apply for a job and during the training period all trainees were entitled to a small weekly allowance . However, this measure was not successful as on the one hand, the government could not guarantee a sufficient number of work places for all 16 and 17 year olds (Fitzpatrick, 2000) and on the other hand, for many young people the chances of finding a job after finishing the training did not increase significantly (Hutson and Liddiard,1997). In addition to all of this, a change in demographic and social factors such as the increasing rate of divorces and separations, the increased longevity of life and the rise in the average age of people when they first got married resulted in more single households . With more people in need of housing, the number of affordable houses available in the market decreased significantly making it more difficult for young people to become independent from their parents and be able to live in a house of their own . While in the late 1980’s the main reason for homelessness among young people seemed to be the result of unemployment, that had made adolescents move from their home towns to bigger cities in order to find a job, in the early 1990’s the majority of homeless young people had left their parental home due to family conflict (Smith, 1998 and Smith, 1999). This is consistent with the findings from research conducted by Centrepoint. This organisation found that in 1987 hal f of the young people who had participated in the study had left the family home to find work or to live independently and that in 1996 almost all the young people (86 percent) had been forced to leave the parental home due to family conflict (Centrepoint, 1996 cited by CHAR). More recently, it was also found that 65 percent of the young people aged 16 and 17 accepted as statutory homeless participating in one survey had left the family home due to relationship breakdown, which confirms that currently this is still the main reason for adolescents to leave the family home (Pleace et al.,2008). The change in circumstances that resulted in young people leaving the family home can be attributed to a combination of factors. Firstly, the change in family structures linked to the breakdown of nuclear families and the posterior family reconstitution (CHAR, 1996) can act as a trigger due to conflict in the relationship between the young person and the parent or step-parent (Thornton, 1990). It can also be the case that the remarriage of parents results in overcrowded households which could put an enormous pressure on the older children to leave the house (Thornton, 1990). Secondly, the fact that parents lose child benefit and have reductions in income support and housing benefit when the child reaches a certain age (16 years old ) can lead to tensions resulting from the economic dependency (CHAR, 1996). Finally, poverty, poor housing conditions and overcrowded houses can cause stress and anxiety that might also lead to conflict (CHAR, 1996). After leaving the family home, there were not many options available for young people other than sleeping on the streets, staying with friends or family or approaching the housing departments and registering oneself as homeless. Accessing the private rented sector was complicated for young people as the rents were high, there was normally need for an initial deposit and for those not yet 18 years old it is not possible to hold a legal tenancy. For the under 18’s council housing could still be a solution, however, the massive selling of council houses during the 1980’s caused a reduction in the number of social houses available . Furthermore, this group was not considered in priority need for accommodation until 2002 (this will be explained in the next section). The number of people sleeping rough in Central London increased so much during the late 1980’s that the government was forced to implement measures to respond to the problem of street homelessness (Fitzpa trick et al., 2005 and Smith, 1999). Therefore, in 1990 the Rough Sleepers’ Initiative was created with the aim of tackling street homelessness by providing outreach services, hostels and winter shelters (Smith, 1999). This initiative showed positive outcomes as it reduced largely, mainly in the first years of intervention, the number of rough sleepers in the centre of the capital (Fitzpatrick et al., 2005). Consequently, in 1996 this programme was extended to the rest of the country (Fitzpatrick et al., 2005). The number of 16 and 17 year olds accepted as statutory homeless increased continuously from 1997/1998 (3,150) to 2003/2004 (11,050), having this peak probably resulted from changes in the homeless policies introduced in 2002. However, since then, the number of young people accepted as statutory homeless has been decreasing and in 2006/2007 reached 6,384 (Quilgars et al., 2008). Due to the current economic recession, the rate of unemployment has increased in the last few months . Once again the most affected are young school leavers aged 16 and 17. According to government statistics in March/May 2009 the percentage of unemployment among 16 and 17 year olds reached 30.5 percent . Difficulty in finding work and not yet being entitled to claim benefits makes young people economically dependent on their parents, a fact that can cause tensions in the family which in turn can be a trigger for homelessness (CHAR, 1996). Nevertheless, the number of statutory homeless young people 16 and 17 year olds and 18 to 20 year olds care leavers accepted as statutory homeless has been decreasing since 2003 and in 2008 was 3,870 . These numbers, however, do not include young people that did not approach the Local Authority and might be sleeping rough or staying with family members or friends. 2.2. Housing provision for 16/17 years old homeless young people The first law in the United Kingdom to define homelessness in legal terms (Pleace et al., 1997) and to recognise it as a housing problem was the Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977 (Lowe, 1997). This Act was also the first piece of legislation to place a duty on Local Authorities to re-house on a permanent basis and as a matter of priority households considered homeless; as long as they provided proof that they could not arrange accommodation by their own means (Pleace, 1997; Lowe, 1997 and Pleace, 2008). The definition of homeless person used in that act remained basically in the same terms within the Housing Act 1985. This last piece of legislation introduced the notion of priority need for accommodation and the groups that would fit into those criteria. Young people would only be considered in priority need under this act if they were considered to be at risk of sexual or financial exploitation (Thorton, 1990). In the United Kingdom the definition of homeless person currently in use is given by the Housing Act 1996, and although with some minor changes stays fundamentally the same as in the previous acts (Pleace, 1997). Thus, the definition of statutory homeless stated in section 175 of that act refers to a person that has no accommodation in the United Kingdom or elsewhere or a person for whom it is unsafe to enter their accommodation or someone that is at risk of becoming homeless within 28 days. Additionally, a person can apply as homeless if there is a risk of domestic violence or another type of violence for them or a member of their family (Housing Act 1996, s177). The act also lists in section 189 the groups of people that are considered to be in priority need of accommodation. These groups include pregnant women, families with children, people that are vulnerable due to old age, people that have a mental or physical illness and people that are homeless as a result of flooding, fire or other emergency disaster. This act introduced an inquiry stage, where a person applying as homeless had to show that he/she was eligible for assistance by the Local Authority Housing Department (Housing Act 1996, s184). However, one of the major changes introduced by this act, under section 193, was the reduction of the duty of Local Authorities to secure accommodation for homeless households (Cloke et al., 2000). The Local Authorities under this act had the duty to provide homeless people with the minimum of two years in temporary accommodation with the possibility of revising this provision after that period (Housing Act 1996, s193). In the meantime the details of the homeless households would be entered into the housing register and they would be put on a waiting list together with all other people that had applied for Council or Housing Association housing (Lowe, 1997). The second important measure introduced, under section 197, allowed Local Authorities to cease their duty to homeless households if anoth er suitable accommodation was available in the area. In this case the Local Authority was only required to provide advice and assistance in order for the person to gain access to that accommodation (Cloke, 2000). As it was shown, the housing policies referred to until now, do not seem to address in any way the specific housing problem of homeless young people. Young people can be considered statutory homeless if victims of domestic violence or if classified as vulnerable people but the inclusion in this last category was at the discretion of each Housing Department. A piece of legislation that had an impact in the housing issues of homeless young people was the Children Act 1989. This act, under section 20, places a duty on Local Authorities to provide accommodation for children in their area that are in â€Å"need†, as defined by section 17, and require accommodation. A child is defined as â€Å"in need† if there is no person with parental responsibility, the child had been lost or abandoned or the caregiver had been prevented temporary or permanently to provide the child with suitable accommodation or care. From 2002 the governmental strategy regarding homelessness seems to have changed from a solving approach aimed at reducing the number of rough sleepers to a more preventive approach (Pawson, 2007). The specific problems of homeless young people or those adolescents at risk of becoming homeless seemed also to have taken into consideration. With the introduction of the Homeless Act 2002 the duty of Local Authorities to prevent homelessness was reinforced. Local Authorities were required to create homelessness strategies aimed at the prevention of homelessness and at supporting people that are or may become homeless (Homeless Act 2002 s1, s2 and s3). In order to accomplish that, several measures were recommended, for example the creation of family mediation services directed at young people at risk of being evicted by their family or friends (Pawson, 2007). These services intended to prevent this eviction by helping the adolescents and family or friends to resolve the existent conflict (Pawson, 2007). The Homelessness Act 2002 was also important as it abolished, under section 6, the minimum period for which a Local Authority is subject to the main homelessness duty, previously introduced by the Housing Act 1996. The result was to place again the duty on Local Authorities to secure accommodation until the household is placed or acquires permanent accommodation. Additionally, section 9 of this act abolished section 197 of the Housing Act 1996 by which the Local Authority would cease their duty to homeless people when other suitable accommodation was available in their area. Another measure introduced in the same year was the Statutory Instrument 2002 No. 2051 The Homelessness (Priority Need for Accommodation) (England) Order 2002. This statutory instrument, under section 3, extends the category of priority need to include a young person aged 16 and 17 â€Å"who is not a relevant child for the purposes of section 23A of the Children Act 1989† and is not a â€Å"person to whom a local authority owe a duty to provide accommodation under section 20† of the same Act. Additionally, this instrument extended the priority for care leavers aged 18 to 21 or older if they are considered vulnerable as a result of having been looked after children. The Supporting People programme introduced in 2003 had also an impact on homeless young people by recognising and investing in the quality of the housing support services available (Pawson, 2007). When accepted as homeless by the Local Authorities Housing Departments young people are usually placed in temporary accommodation. There are different types of accommodation where young people are placed, though they can be classified in five broad groups. The first group comprises bed and breakfast hotels. This type of accommodation usually presents poor standards (Fitzpatrick, 2000), some lack cooking facilities, there are also concerns regarding safety and there are no qualified professionals on site that could support those youngsters (Quilgars, 2008). All these concerns seemed to have been taken into account by the government when on the 14th November 2006 Ruth Kelly announced in a speech that â€Å"we are making a commitment today that by 2010, 16 and 17 year olds will not be placed in bed and breakfast hotels unless it is an emergency†. Since then the number of young homeless people placed in that type of accommodation has decreased, from 550 at the end of December 200 7 (CLG, 2008) to 340 (of those 120 had been in this type of accommodation for more than 6 weeks) (CLG, 2009). The second group includes hostels that provide specialised schemes for young people, where in conjunction with a safe environment, specialised support is provided (Quilgars, 2008). The level and type of support offered to residents differs (Quilgars, 2008), although generally includes the development of independent living skills, access to education or training and emotional support. The third type of accommodation is called Foyers and it is a type of hostel that supports young people with access to education, training and employment. The fourth type comprises shared houses, where a young person shares a house with others and has floating support adequate to his/her needs (Fitzpatrick, 2000). Finally, in recent years, supported lodging schemes have been expanding (Quilgars, 2008). In this type of provision the young person stays within a family house and is assisted to devel op independent living skills. The adolescent has hi/her own bedroom and shares communal areas with the family . 2.3. Leaving care Care leavers are young people 16 years old or older that have been in the care of a Local Authority. These children had been placed under the care of a Local Authority for different reasons. In the year ending 31st March 2008 of the 23,000 children who started to be looked after, 62 percent entered care due to abuse or neglect (DCSF, 2008). The amount of time children spend in care varies and although the current average is less than one year, 2.6 percent are still in care for 5 years or more and 7.2 percent between 2 and 5 years (DCSF, 2008). During this period, some of the children have little contact with their birth families . Additionally, the move into care can result in a change of neighbourhood and school (Stein, 2005) which can have a negative impact on the child’s relationship with peers. Moreover, there is still a significant percentage of children that experience several moves between placements (11.4% of looked after children moved three or more times during the y ear ending in March 2008) (DCSF, 2008) which can cause instability to children due to the change of â€Å"carers, friends, neighbourhoods, schools on several occasions† (Stein, 2005 p.7). Most of the children that are taken into care are placed with foster carers (DCSF, 2008) and when placements succeed foster carers can be an additional source of support to the young person even when they had ceased being looked after (Harper, 2006). Research carried out in 1990’s found that it was common for these children to leave the care of Local Authorities between the ages of 16 and 18 years old and that the usual reason for that was the breakdown of placements or because it was thought by their carers that it was in the best interest of the adolescent to move when he/she had reached the age of 16 or 17 (Stein, 1997). However, findings from recent research verified that the proportion of young people that leave care at an early age is still high. Governmental statistics show that in the year ending 31st march 2008, of the 8,300 children aged 16 or over that ceased being looked after by Local Authorities, 24 percent were 16 years old and 15 percent were 17 years . Wheal and Matthews (2007) also found high percentages of young people that leave care at an early age. These authors passed a questionnaire to 91 care leavers and found that in 2006, 42.9 percent of 16 year olds and 29.7 percent of 17 year olds had left thei r placement and that in 74.5 percent of the cases the move had been part of their pathway plan. They also found that 41.7 percent had left care to go to semi-independent accommodation and that 18.7 percent went to live with parents or other family members . These last set of results are very similar to those obtained by Stein et al. (2007) through the examination of social services records and interviews with professionals that were conducted during part of 2003 and 2004. These authors verified that 39.2 percent of young people aged 16 or older that had left care went directly into independent living accommodation and that 18.2 percent returned home. While young people in the general population are delaying the time that they leave the family home this research suggests that a large proportion of children in care leave residential or foster care at a very young age. Plus, it seems that a high number of young people had started to live independently before their 18th birthday. Probably, the early age these children leave care (the maximum at 18th years old which is much earlier than the rest of the population that leave home on average at 24 ) and/or the lack of preparation to live independently and/or the lack of social support (as children that spent a longer time in care have weaker links with their birth family and friends ) increases the risk of becoming homeless, a fact that is corroborated by the large proportion of care leavers among the youth homeless population (Stein, 1997). More recently Barn et al. (2005) found that 36 percent of the 261 care leavers aged 16 to 21 that participated in their study had experienced homelessness for periods that ranged from weeks to more than one year. The Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000 imposed on Local Authorities a duty to improve the support given to care leavers. The support offered includes accommodation and financial assistance for 16 and 17 years old and the appointment of a personal adviser, the development of a pathway plan and general assistance to young people and young adults aged 16 up to 21 or 24 (DH, 2000). Additionally, this act placed on Local Authorities a duty to support care leavers up to 21 years old or 24 years if in full-time further or higher education. Under these circumstances the Local Authority has to provide vacation accommodation if needed (The Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000, s24B(5)). The Children and Young Persons Act 2008 extended the support to young people aged 21 up to 25 that had been previously in care and that wish to return to education or training. The support includes the appointment of a personal adviser, the development of a pathways plan (Children and Young Persons Act 2008, s22). Th is act also places a dut