Decriminalization Of Prostitution. Since Time Began, Women

Decriminalization of Prostitution Since time began, women have been selling sex through prostitution, men have been buying it, and society has been debating the legitimacy of the oldest profession in the world. The prevalence of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases have cast a new light on the old moral and victimless crime arguments against and for legalization of prostitution throughout the United States. There are convincing arguments on both sides of this issue, points on both sides that cannot be ignored. However, when all is said and done, it is those who argue for the legalization of prostitution who are most convincing. The existence of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases and its shockingly widespread presence in†¦show more content†¦Unlike street prostitutes found in red-light districts, the ladies in licensed bordellos of Nevada are required to undergo weekly checks for venereal diseases. Within the last 30 years, over 20,000 tests have been performed. O f the 20,000, only 3.5% were positive. Thus, legalization of prostitution, with proper regulation, ensures the safety of the provider of the service. A Nevada state regulation requires all brothel patrons to wear condoms, ensuring the safety of both parties and preventing the spread of STDs, impregnation, and any other risks taken in unprotected sex. There are no safeguards in commercial sex in the forty-nine states without legalized prostitution. It is expressly stated before in sexual transaction takes place, a complete inspection of the customer is performed to detect any visible signs of a venereal disease or intravenous drug use, and the customer is required to wear a condom. If any visible signs of disease or drug use are detected, the transaction does not take place and payment is returned in full. Without legalization, in most cases, transactions take place without such inspection and there is no guarantee of a clean environment where the transaction can occur. Of course, th e ideal solution would be the total elimination of prostitution, however this is not feasible, if it were, it would have been accomplished long ago. Control is quite feasible, though. IfShow MoreRelatedShould Prostitution Be Legalized? Canada?1379 Words   |  6 Pagesforeigner in sexual intercourse. Over time, the subject of prostitution has surfaced in spiritual and social discussion, and more recently into legal and moral discourses with an emphasis on the rights of sex workers. Since the recent phenomenon of advanced women’s rights through rigorous activist groups in the late nineteenth to early twentieth century, propelling the advancement of women’s rights movements began to immerge in the first world. At its core, prostitution is not an individual issue, butRead MoreShould Prostitution Be More Beneficial?1659 Words   |  7 PagesAllie Godat Jessica Perkins Writing 1 November 13, 2015 Prostitution In this essay, I will be giving my arguments on whether or not prostitution would be more beneficial to society and safer it wasn’t illegal. I will be giving you background information on the history of prostitution at the beginning of civilization, and how it came to be illegal in the United States. Next I will state the reasons why prostitution is currently criminalized, and why people think it should remain that way. I willRead MoreThe Current Status Of Prostitution Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesResearch on Prostitution Phillip Walton CRIM/ECON 355 Dr. Richard Lotspeich November 14, 2016 Abstract This paper will examine the current status of prostitution as an illegal act and the market it generates; then show what effect legalizing prostitution would have on the prostitution market. Prostitution has a very large market that if legalized could be used as a source of revenue for governments through the form of taxes. So the focus will include how the prostitution market is generated, whatRead MoreProstitution Is The Oldest Profession922 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking into Prostitution women are usually thought to be the lowest form a part of the human species, people make assumptions as to why a women would even bother with the idea of subjecting herself to harsh treatment by others, people often correlate the idea of prostitution with human trafficking. That each of these categories are of association, prostitution is â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† While human trafficking is â€Å"the illegal movementRead MoreSex Trafficking And Sexual Trafficking1744 Words   |  7 Pages and includes forms such as prostitution and pornography (Kotrla, 2010). Researchers suggest that children are the most vulnerable to becoming victims of prostitution (Kotrla), and it is estimated that there are at least 100,000 victims in the United States (Estes Weiner, 2001). Sex traffickers, otherwise known as â€Å"pimps,† often lure children with promises of food, clothing, love, and shelter, and then the pimps manipulate the children to keep them in prostitution (U.S. Department of JusticeRead MoreWhat is Prostitution?1838 Words   |  7 Pages According to the 2014 Merriam-Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the act of having sex in exchange for money† (â€Å"Prostitution†). In the United States, the trafficking of sex sales has been illegal since the early 1900’s, with the exception of the 49th state, Alaska (Head). The trade was deemed unethical by the Wom en’s Christian Temperance Union, also credited with the ban of drug use and the elimination of alcohol in the 1920’s. Today, in all but two states, the buying and selling ofRead MoreLegalizing Prostitution : The Good, The Bad And The Ugly1638 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Prostitution: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly Prostitution, as stated by Rudyard Kipling, is considered to be known as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession,† and for good reason. Zac Fanni, a writer for Sabotage Times, wrote a documentary based on the history of prostitution and its origins. The sex-trade began with the Sumerians, who, in ancient times, worshiped Ishtar, the goddess of love and war. They believed that every morning she was â€Å"born anew as a maiden,† and every day the sky fellRead MoreWhy Prostitution Should Be Legal1462 Words   |  6 PagesWhy should prostitution be legal? Can anybody tell me what is considered to be the worlds most ancient profession? (doesnt require education, mostly involves women) Some researchers confirm that prostitution is indeed the most ancient profession, while others argue with it; however, everybody agrees that trading sex for money has existed for quite a while. According to Wikipedia, prostitution began in the 21st century BC in Near East, most likely as a religious custom, and was practiced by GreeksRead MoreThree Reasons Why Prostituiton Should Not Be Leagalized in China1758 Words   |  7 Pagesoldest jobs, prostitution has a long history to be repeatedly decriminalized and internalized by different countries. In Sumerian Records, the earliest record established in 2400 BC, prostitution had been legalized and supported by government. Same as most countries in this era, government founded brothels established in ancient China, ancient Greece, ancient Roman and so on. Codex Theodosianus established in 438 AD, legalized prostitution and at the same time, asking for taxes. Since the late 500sRead MoreThe Impact of Management Information System in Ba nking and Its Efficiency5000 Words   |  20 PagesWhy Does Prostitution Exist? ......................................................................................... 5 Profile and Everyday Concerns of Prostitutes................................................................. 6 Profile of the John ........................................................................................................... 8 Profile of the Pimp .......................................................................................................... 9 The Sex Trade

Lung Cancer Research Project Review - 533 Words

Introduction In order to fulfill the requirements of the assigned project, our group performed research related tasks. Research is ultimately about assigning facts, figures and arguments to larger ideas for practical reasons that hopefully produce more benefits than not. Our groups topic deals with the disease of lung cancer. In our quest to learn more about this reality of life, it became necessary to implement the research process to further our knowledge and complete the necessary requirements of this project. Our groups search began with a division of labor to more efficiently utilize our resources. The lung cancer topic was chosen due to the personal and societal impacts this disease produces. Finding balanced and accurate sources to build our case obviously and necessarily became an important priority. Additionally the topic of lung cancer is very broad and reaching, creating a problem of scope for this particular problem. It became evident that in order to find useful answers in this real m meant for us to ask useful questions. All the data and inference in the world does not assist the researcher unless it is applied in a formula that expresses the necessary dialogues reflecting the intent of those who are utilizing such information. After brainstorming sessions and the external dialogue that followed, our group derived three distinct areas of research important to our brand of research. These areas were molded into the following research questions: What areShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On National Lung Cancer Partnership1425 Words   |  6 PagesAcademic research on how to improve health of humans has increased over time for treatments of various diseases and virus infections. In particular, there has been a surge in the people being diagnosed with cancer. The global scourge comes in some ways and research has shown that early detection can limit its spread in humans and work towards the cure. In particular, three (3) organizations are renowned to support the research. These organization offer grants to academic research personnel, mostRead MoreIntroduction to Oncology Care Program Essay example1220 Words   |  5 PagesAnnual Report of the Oncology Care Program Course Project HIT 225 April 17, 2011 ? Introduction to Oncology Care Program Cancer is a group of diseases that affect nearly every tissue or organ in the human body, and is the second leading cause of death in the United States. In 2007, lung cancer was the leading cause of death among males and females in Marin County, California (Marin Health Human Services, 2007). Located in Marin County, Sunshine Hospital is a 235-bed teaching facilityRead MoreNegative Effects Of Smoking1719 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), there are currently 40 million adult smokers in the U.S. (CDC, 2017), and 763,960 of these residents are from Massachusetts (DPH, 2014). Smoking can cause various kinds of cancer such as those of the cervix, stomach, esophagus, lungs and the bladder (Cio et al., 2014). Besides, smoking predisposes individuals to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) which involves health complications in the bronchi resulting in various diseases such as emphysemaRead MoreLung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (liver) and gastric cancer are three of the main causes of1600 Words   |  7 PagesLung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (liver) and gastric cancer are three of the main causes of cancer deaths in the Asian community. Philanthropic organizations are nonprofit nongovernmental entities that use donations to aid the society in some way. The Asian Cancer Research Group is an independent, not-for-profit company that benefits the society and advocates Christianity. The goal of the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) is to research and improve the treatments for the most common typesRead MoreDevelopment Of Drugs With High Pote ncy And Inhibitory Activity1618 Words   |  7 Pages Summary of research plan Development of drugs with high potency and inhibitory activity against specific activating mutation, while showing significantly less activity against wild type mutations, made testing specific sensitizing mutation necessary. (1) (EGFR) T790M mutation a successful example of a biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment with Osimertinib that gained a wide acceptance in clinical practice in Europe and US (), One question that needs to be asked, however, isRead MoreUsing The Experimental Or Quasi Experimental Method With Variables As Well As The Correlational Method1148 Words   |  5 Pageshave research and statistics backgrounds. From all the topics and concepts of research and evaluating reports they were beneficial, straightforward, and thought-provoking. There are numerous topics from research problem, quantitative, qualitative, statistics, and sampling methods that will useful to health professionals now and in the future. The next section of this paper will menti on of a possible research topic that will be a stepping-stone and guide for the comprehensive research project. ThisRead MoreEffects Of Marijuana Abuse On The Health Of Teens Aged 13-19 Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesMethodology 5 5. Data Search and Data Sources 7 6. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 7 7. Anti-oppressive Practices and Ethical Considerations 7 8. Project Outline 8 9. Time Scale 8 References 10 1. RATIONALE According to Plant (2016) 36% of teenagers in the UK have taken illegal drugs at some point of their life. According to European School of Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs abuse (2016) teenagers in Britain are more likely to misuse drugs as compared to youngsters in Europe. This surveyRead MoreCancers Presence in the World1598 Words   |  6 PagesCancer represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for 8.2 million deaths in 2012. According to the last World Health Organization report, It reveals that it is expected that the global burden of cancer will rise from an estimated 14 million new cases per year in 2012 to 22 within the next two decades because of the aging and growth of the world population and an increasing adoption of cancer-causing behaviors. Lung, liver, stomach, colorectal and breast cancersRead MoreDesign Interventional Models For Primary Care Providers1619 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Over the years from proven evidence-based research, there is a need for intervention as primary care physicians attempt to address the issue of adult obesity. Obesity can be linked to many adverse health outcomes such as: diabetes, hypertension and stroke as suggested by the National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute (2012). The purpose of this project is to design interventional models for primary care providers to implement into a wellness program. The program includes increased knowledgeRead MoreEpidemiology: Study Notes1775 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Part 1 Cofounding Factors Cofounding factors are extraneous variables that correlate either positively or negatively with both eh dependent and independent variable within a study. Any research method and analysis must account for these variables through the actual design of the study or through statistical means that accounts for them. Operational cofound is one that can occur in both experimental and nonexperimental design when a measure for one variable inadvertently measures something else

Social Influences on Behavior Free Essays

Albert Fish was a 20th century serial killer, child rapist, sadomasochist, and cannibal. This paper is a brief description focused on the forces that impacted his life from the viewpoint of developmental psychology. The author made an effort to distinguish between the influences of hereditary and environment on psychological development. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Influences on Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now He also explains what family issues and social support systems may have influenced Albert Fish’s developmental growth and adjustment. Two different theories of personality selected by the author was applied to Fish, which includes a discussion of how each theory differs in terms of how it explains Fish’s unique patterns and traits. The author also makes a determination regarding which theory he believes best explains Fish’s behaviors and achievements. Forces That Impact Life: Developmental Psychology Developmental psychology is defined as â€Å"The branch of psychology concerned with the study of progressive behavioral changes in an individual from birth until death† (Farlex, 2011). Albert Fish’s rough childhood contributed to the person he became, along with other factors that occurred throughout adulthood. He was born to poverty on May 19, 1870. His father passed away on October 15, 1875. His mother could not take care of Fish, therefore, she placed him in a religious orphanage called Saint John’s Orphanage. Here he learned to lie, cheat, beg, and steal. He also experienced and seen wrong-doings no boy, or person, should. Albert Fish was whipped bare-bottomed at the orphanage and was forced to witness other boys being whipped. He said this abuse was the beginning of his ruined mind. During his interview, before his execution, he said he felt his first sex feeling while watching the other boys be whipped, which eventually developed while he was receiving the abuse. When Fish left the orphanage, he felt the need to satisfy these sexual urges with sexual experimentation and prostitution, which included men. His needs and urges became very sadomasochistic. He enjoyed what hurt. He inflicted pain on not only himself, but also on others. He would not stop until he reached his climax, and progress on with the torcher for days. In his late 20s, Albert Fish married. His wife had the same types of sexual interest as he. While he was married, he continued to lead a double life by fulfilling his sadomasochistic fantasies with boys. He made this way of life easily obtainable by working as a traveling housepainter and being away more than he was home. Fish traveled all over the United States. â€Å"I had children in every state,† Albert Fish stated during his interview (Borowski, 2006). After 19 years of marriage, Albert Fish’s wife left him for another man. She had sent their six children off to the movies, and they came home to an empty house. He came home to find his six children alone and discover she had taken everything. Fish believed this was his breaking point. His children testified, during his trial, although he never hit them or raised his voice to them, they did witness his self-torcher. They testified to finding blood covered boards with nails sticking out of one end and to seeing him drive needles into himself. An x-ray was taken of his pelvic region that showed 29 needles lodged within. In 1928, approximately five years after his wife abandoned him and their children, Albert Fish decided to act upon a growing urge. He responded to a newspaper advertisement of a young boy looking for employment. After he responded by telegram, he arrived at the young man’s house, bearing lunch. He quickly lost interest in the young man once Fish seen his younger sister, Grace Budd. He convinced her parents to let him take her to his niece’s birthday party, which was fictional. She was to never be seen again. Albert took Grace to an old abandoned house where he tricked her into coming into the house where he was naked, waiting for her. He strangled her, cut her up into little pieces, and devoured her. Fish said that he got the idea of cannibalism from his uncle in 1894, which was never verified. His uncle, Captain John Daus, sailed to China during the time of a famine. Children were sold to be butchered. They were brought out in parts to be cut to one’s choosing and sold as veal. The captain told his nephew human meat did taste of veal, and the behind was the sweetest part. The captain stole two children to bring home with him. He beat their behinds for days, while they were still alive, to make it nice and tender. Albert Fish decided he had to try it. Not only did the environment in which he grew up shape Albert Fish, it is believed that his genetic influences may have had a huge impact as well. â€Å"His family had a history of mental illness: his uncle suffered from religious mania, a brother was confined in the state mental hospital, another brother had died of hydrocephalus and his sister had a â€Å"mental affliction†. Three other close relatives suffered from severe mental illnesses and his mother was believed to suffer frequent aural and/or visual hallucinations† (Farlex, 2011). Albert Fish seems to fall in the postconventional moral development area of psychological development. Postconventional morality is how â€Å"people reason using abstract, self-defined moral principles that may not match conventional moral beliefs† (Kowalski Western, 2009). Fish was a very religious man. He claimed that his reasoning for his crimes were of religious purposes. He took the word of the Bible and twisted it to make his doings the work of God. Several times he said he was visited by Jesus Christ. Jesus would give him messages telling him what to do. Fish identified religion with suffering. In all his doings, he thought he was doing right because no angels came and stopped him as they did in the story of Abraham and the sacrifice of his son Isaac. The word ‘stripes’ in the Bible he referred to the lashes left by being whipped. He performed castrations and sacrificed virgins. Fish put cannibalism on the same level as communion. Eat the flesh and drink the blood, and they will become one with him, and he with them. This made Albert Fish feel God-like and powerful. He said he inserted the needles into his pelvic region to purge himself of sin by torcher. Theories of Personality The two different theories of personality selected are the drive model of Freud’s theory of psychodynamics and the cognitive-social theory. â€Å"Freud reasoned that if a symptom is not of physiological origin and the patient is consciously trying to stop it but cannot, then opposing the conscious will must be an unconscious counter-will of equal or greater magnitude† (Kowalski Western, 2009), which is the basis for his theories. The drive model was proposed by two basics: sex and aggression. Albert Fish used both together to shape his life. To him they were one and the same. He enjoyed and got off the torcher of himself and others. â€Å"Cognitive–social theories share the behaviorist belief that learning (rather than instinct, conflict, or defense) is the basis of personality and that personality d ispositions tend to be relatively specific and shaped by their consequences. However, they also focus on beliefs, expectations, and information processing† (Kowalski Western, 2009). This theory shows how environmental demands, and the way one processes the information about themselves and the world can have an effect on one’s interaction of a situation, such as school or in an orphanage, and one’s learned tendencies to behave in a certain way in a certain circumstance, which in turn can reflect one’s knowledge and beliefs. Albert Fish’s environment at the Catholic orphanage demanded him to watch other boys get whipped. He was also whipped himself. He began to relate this abuse to sexual gratification by torching himself and others. He also connected suffering to religious aspects, such as being purged of sin. In the end believed the religion was his reason for his crimes. The author believes the cognitive-theory best explains Albert Fish’s behaviors and achievements because of his strong belief that what he was doing was an act of God. If Fish was never subjected to the environment at the orphanage, he may not have developed the sexual urge from torcher. The author also believes many other factors in Fish’s life contributed to his deranged achievement, such as the family history of mental illness and the psychotic break, which occurred when his wife abandoned him and his children. Albert Fish’s environment and religious upbringing was horrid yet detrimental to his moral psychological development. It is obvious that family issues and support systems along with hereditary influences has greatly impacted his life and influenced his behaviors and achievements. Albert Fish was found guilty of murder in the first degree and sentenced to death by electric chair. He was 65. References Farlex. (2011). The Free Dictionary. Farlex, Inc. Retrieved May 22, 2011 from The Free Dictionary by Farlex: http://www. thefreedictionary. com/developmental+psychology Kowalski, Robin and Western, Drew. (2009). Psychology. 5th Ed. Chp. 10, 12, and 13. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Retrieved May 22, 2011 from the University of Phoenix: https://ecampus. hoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC. aspx? assetMetaId=e5b1e2e8-3a11-4d07-970f-cecd423d9973assetDataId=63bf6c04-77c0-4129-afdb-dd2c6b73eccf Borowski, John. (2006). Albert Fish: In Sin He Found Salvation. Waterfront Productions. Schechter, Harold. (1990). Deranged: The Shocking True Story of America’s Fiendish Killer! How to cite Social Influences on Behavior, Papers Social Influences on Behavior Free Essays Social Influences on Behavior Somchai Knorr Grantham University Social Influences on Behavior â€Å"Sociologists and philosophers had recognized that people behave differently in crowds than they do as individuals and that a crowd is more than the mere sum of its parts† (Kowalski Western, 2005). Human behavior changes based on social situations individuals may encounter, and these encounters may begin as early as toddler years. Individuals learn to adapt to society by changing their behavior in order to â€Å"fit in† with the rest of the crowd. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Influences on Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two examples of how an individual’s behavior changes based on social situations are when a) a person decides to drink liquor at a social event. The second example of when an individual’s behavior changes based on social situations is b) when a person decides to smoke marijuana or cigarettes. One may see these behaviors in an individual who regularly does not behave like so when they are trying to act like â€Å"everyone else. † These behaviors may be seen in situations such as a party, a club, or a popular social event, where an individual will find it fitting to behave differently to receive recognition from other social crowds. Precursors and Consequences â€Å"When he first arrived on campus at age 18, he figured he had to drink if he wanted to fit in, even though the legal drinking age is 21† (Wilson, 2008). Students, especially in colleges and universities, find themselves in situations where they believe they have to take part in drinking and partying to get approval from the rest of the student body to increase their self-esteem and popularity. An example of social comparison would be a student drinking and smoking to fit in with the crowd. Adults may also find themselves peer pressured to drink alcohol or smoke when taking part in extracurricular activities, such as going out to clubs or attending social events, to feel relaxed or content. Drinking and smoking is advertised on a daily basis as a way of â€Å"enjoying the party. † One example that I have observed would be with the recent kick off of the American football season. My television sets are invaded with beer commercials emphasizing on how fans seem to enjoy the game more when they are drinking a beer, when I visit my ocal Wal-Mart or Publix, there is an area designed just for football fans made of beer products. Social psychology concepts concentrate on the individual and the situation in which that individual is in. As mentioned above, self-esteem is one of the examples that apply to individuals who use liquor, marijuana or tobacco as a coping mechanism. The self-concept of one not being able to function correctly without the liquor or the tobacco in their system is another concept of social psychology. In the long run the individual is at risk of affecting his or her health, their education, and their social standing. Associated Phenomenon Phenomenon’s such as social facilitation and social influence have been associated with behaviors, such as drinking and smoking in social events. Social influence â€Å"Social influence, effects of the presence of others on the way people think, feel, and behave† (Kowalski Westen, 2005). Social influence is associated with both behaviors because the changes in behaviors are due to the attitudes of others or guidance towards a particular direction, in this case the drinking and smoking of tobacco or marijuana. Another example of how social influence affects the behavior of an individual in guiding them towards smoking or drinking with the perception that getting involved is pleasurable and accepted widely among other peers. One might find themselves as the only person the group of peers that does not smoke or drink, at one point or another they will involve themselves in the same activities because everyone else is drinking and smoking and they have not had any severe apparent consequences. When it becomes a routine for everyone around oneself to party constantly and go on drinking and smoking binges, conformity is another phenomenon that occurs because this person is accommodating themselves to standards of the rest of the group. Social facilitation Social facilitation is another phenomenon that is associated to individuals who use drinking and smoking as an excuse to behave in a certain way. Individuals use drinking as a way to express their feelings better in a group of people or towards a certain individual. For example, when a person drinks while out at a club or a party, they may feel as if they have the confidence to approach others they may find attractive or laugh and dance within the group of partygoers. â€Å"Small amounts of alcohol might dull painful feelings† (C. A. M. H. , 2008). Just as individuals use drinking and smoking as a way to feel happy and relaxed others use these substances to feel numb. Individuals use alcohol as a gateway to forgetting any traumatic events in their lives such as being sexually, physically, or emotionally abused. The stress of dealing with other individuals, like a significant other, a parent, or a child, with mental or health issue also leaves behind emotional distress, and one may feel that the way of dealing with the stress is to drink. Recently a close friend started smoking cigarettes; I questioned her on why she had taken on this habit. Her response left me flabbergasted; it seemed ridiculous to me, that she had taken on this habit because it was a way of dealing with the stress of having three children at the age of 21. Therapeutic Intervention When an individual or an individual’s family and friends consider therapeutic intervention it is for the simple fact that the behavior has escalated to an uncontrollable degree. When an individual loses control of his or her life, the therapeutic intervention is what provides the guidance, reasoning, and inspiration for the person to make the needed changes to get back on track. The determining factor of whether a person should consider therapeutic intervention or not is the frequency and quantity of alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana is consuming. Another determining factor would be the reason of why this individual has taken on this behavior. As mentioned earlier, many people begin smoking marijuana or cigarettes and begin drinking alcohol when they have encountered stressful situations as well as having to deal with traumatic events. Conclusion As examined, behaviors such as smoking and drinking are changed endured by humans based on social situations they encounter. Social situations such as parties or traumatic past events may trigger oneself to act a certain way or take on new habits. Individuals may feel that by partaking in certain activities their social standings will improve. Unfortunately, if the right amount of self control is not applied an individual may find oneself overwhelmed and become addicted to a substance or lifestyle. References Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. PAHO. (2008). Retrieved October  11, 2009, from http://www. camh. net/About_Addiction_Mental_Health/Drug_and_Addiction_Informatio n/Women_and_Alcohol/alcohol_feelings. html Thadani, Vandana; Huchting, Karen; LaBrie, Joseph. (2009, August 1). Alcohol-related information in multi-component interventions and college students’ drinking behavior The Free Library. (2009). Retrieved October 10, 2009 from http://www. thefreelibrary. com/Alcohol-related information in multi-component interventions and†¦ -a0207704284 University of Phoenix. (2009). Week Five Readings: Psychology, Chapter 15. Retrieved October 6, 2009, from University of Phoenix, Week Five, PSY/300—General Psychology Web site. Wilson, Brenda. (2008, October  23). University Uses ‘Social Norming’ to Curb Drinking. NPR Health. Retrieved from http://www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=95937183 How to cite Social Influences on Behavior, Papers Social Influences on Behavior Free Essays Abstract Diverse societal situations, or situational variables, may include a huge influence on a person’s actions and performances. Psychology has an important function in individual’s communication which is why it is crucial that we need to comprehend how psychological factors can manipulate someone’s actions when they are face to face with a variety of public situations. A number of these factors will incorporate: the need to fit in, unselfishness, traditional values, social facilitation, and respect. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Influences on Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Humans frequently become accustomed to their public settings because various types of social environments support the growth of specific behaviors. This is frequently due to a mixture of the abovementioned psychological factors that manipulate someone’s actions in any given social circumstances. Social Influences on Behavior Paper Human Interaction Humans will experience social situations all the time, just about every day. The way that we react or conduct ourselves all the way through these types of situations can be prejudiced by the essential psychological concept of human communication. Human communication is â€Å"how people think, feel, and behave toward one another† (Newcomb, Turner, Converse, 1996). This communication can be seen as unfair by a lot of factors, which can incorporate: human being experiences, stereotype, favoritism, and acknowledgment. Everybody has had their own unique experiences throughout life which often influences the way they interact with other human beings. Each person’s experiences can reflect in the way that the person behaves in social settings and interacts with other humans. Stereotyping can affect the lives of all human beings in any given culture, which also has an impact on human interaction and behavior. All cultures tend to develop certain stereotypes (race, gender, sexual preference, etc. ) based on biased opinions, and these stereotypes can become evident when humans interact with one another. The role of discrimination within human interaction has been the topic of many controversies throughout history due to its negative impact on human interaction. Discrimination can cause controversy and anger between people who do not share commonalities. Stereotyping and discrimination are similar in that they are both driven by the influence of bias and prejudice. Attribution is an individual’s way of asking (or explaining) why people act or respond the way they do when faced with social situations (Kowalski Westen, 2009). Humans use attribution in an attempt to make sense of their own actions and the actions of those around them. All of these elements combine to create the building blocks of human interaction. Social Situations Social situations are virtually unavoidable for most people. Human beings are naturally social creatures, which is why most people learn to behave in a specific way when they have to be face to face with a range of public situations. One decent illustration of how a public situation can manipulate human beings actions would be the unlike those of how an adolescent behaves when he or she is around friends versus family members. Most adolescents are influenced by the concept of conformity when interacting with peers and friends. â€Å"Conformity is the process by which people change their attitudes or behavior to accommodate the standards of peers or groups† (Kowalski Westen, 2009). Adolescents may conform out of the need to belong within their specific group of peers. Fear of rejection might also be a driving factor behind adolescent conformity. For many adolescents group think is a strong influential factor. Group think â€Å"occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment. Groups affected by groupthink ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups† (Irving, 1982). The consequences that the adolescent may face by not conforming to certain expected behaviors may lead to isolation or even discrimination from the peer group. In the event that the adolescent conforms to dangerous or harmful behaviors (such as alcoholism or drugs) he or she may need therapeutic intervention in order to improve the destructive behaviors that are being exhibited. Without an intervention the adolescent may become addicted to drugs or alcohol or they may cause harm to themselves or others. Unfortunately this type of scenario happens to many adolescents due to the pressures of fitting in within a high school setting. Adolescents who are otherwise well-behaved with good judgment of ethics and principals can develop into an addiction by their group of friends and the effect of the group think that their overall actions become tainted or unnatural in a harmful way. When interacting with family members adolescents may be driven by social facilitation. Family members often push adolescents to achieve a certain level of success, which can alter the behavior of the adolescent due to the facilitating affect that the family members may have on the adolescent. Obedience is another important element of social interactions between adolescents and parental units. In most cases if an adolescent is not obedient and disobeys his or her parents there are often consequences as a result of the disobedient behavior. Another example of how social interaction can change an individual’s behavior would be a situation in which an upper-class individual is approached by a homeless person who is asking for money or food. In this type of social situation altruism is the key element that drives the behavior of the upper-class individual. Altruism is described as helping another individual with no expectations of personal gain or reward. The upper-class individual may not necessarily empathize with the homeless individual, but the need for altruism may encourage him or her to give the homeless person food or money. In this case the upper-class individual’s behaviors may actually be driven by ethical hedonism, which occurs when â€Å"apparent altruism is really aimed at making the apparent altruist feel better† (Kowalski Westen, 2009). The upper-class individual may fear that not responding to and helping the homeless individual will lead to consequences such as being portrayed as cheap or egocentric. Although it may appear that the upper-class individual is being altruistic, his or her behavior may actually be driven by selfish motives that are unapparent to other people. In this particular example no therapeutic intervention would be needed. Conclusion The influence of factors such as altruism, obedience, conformity, and social-facilitation can be evident in all social interactions. Social psychology also plays an imperative role in all basic human interactions because it helps resolve some of the mystery behind people’s actions. While comprehending specific basics of public/social psychology can definitely help out in the awareness of several people’s actions it is difficult to fully comprehend and explain all of the driving factors behind each and every individual’s behavior within social situations. Human behavior is typically unpredictable, but there are a variety of common factors that can influence behaviors in any given social setting, which is where social psychology comes into play. How to cite Social Influences on Behavior, Papers Social Influences on Behavior Free Essays Human interaction is a type of action that occurs as two or more human beings have an effect upon one another. Individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that determine their emotions and behavior. Simply, we adapt to our surroundings. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Influences on Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every situation and setting requires a different set of mannerisms. For example, people act differently at work then when they’re with friends. Work is often a lot more strict and proper and to maintain those expectations, one must carefully consider what they say and what they do. But on the other hand, being with friends is a much more casual thing–you can talk about pretty much anything in whatever manner you want to. Human behavior tends to change based on social situations. This is especially when the unexpected occurs; we analyze and discuss why people act as they do. In everyday life we do the same . Does his warmth reflect romantic interest in me, or is that how he relates to everyone?Does his absenteeism signify laziness or an oppressive work atmosphere? Social Influences on Behavior This essay examines basic concepts of human interaction from a psychology perspective. In this examination, two examples of how human behavior changes based on social situation are described. Behavior is contagious. One person giggles, coughs, or yawns, and others in the group are soon doing the same. A cluster of people stands gazing upward, and passersby pause to do likewise. Laughter, even canned laughter, can be infectious.Bartenders and street musicians know to â€Å"seed ‘ their tip cups with money that suggests that others have given. This suggestibility is a subtle type of conformity . Conformity involves adjusting our thinking and behavior to bring it into line with some group standard. But why do people comply with this social influence? Why do we clap when others clap, eat as others eat, believe what others believe, even see what others see? Frequently, it is to avoid rejection or to gain social approval. In such cases , we are responding to what social psychologists call normative social influence .We are sensitive to social norms – understood rules for accepted and expected behavior- because the price we pay for being different may be severe. We may do the accepted thing because the group can provide valuable information. When we accept others` opinions about reality, we are responding to informational social influence. Have you ever heard the saying â€Å"Those who never retract their opinions love themselves more than they love the truth†? But a conforming behavior does not necessitate therapeutic intervention . As these reasons for conformity suggest; social influence can be either constructive or destructive. When influence supports that we approve ,then we applaud those who are â€Å"open-minded ‘ and â€Å"sensitive ‘ enough to be â€Å"responsive ‘ When influence supports what we disapprove , then we scorn the â€Å"submissive conformity ‘ of those who comply with others` wishes . Conformity is associated by such group phenomena as group think, minority influence, group polarization and social facilitation. I have realized that I tend to have my own behaviors and attitudes influenced by the presence of others that I am surrounded by such as being in the presence of children or when I am in the company of a pregnant woman this also happens to me.This is a natural characteristic of mine that I have had as far back as I can possibly remember. I see this behavior in just about everyone I have come across; it just sometimes comes out very differently in different people. Some people’s behaviors and attitudes can be positive and there are even some people w ho have negative reactions to certain groups of people who they are surrounded by. When I am in a room surrounded by children I definitely see a change in my behavior and attitudes. Since I can remember I have always loved children and loved being in their presence.When I am in the presence of children I have noticed and also have been told by others that my voice will change almost as if it adapts to the children’s voices or to put me at a level with the children. It is actually a very interesting thing and I have seen it happen to other people as well, and I suppose I never noticed it until it was brought to my attention. I definitely do it when talking to an infant. Also, another way my behavior changes are I will actually get down to the child’s level and play with them as if I were their age.For example, if a little girl is playing with dolls I will also grab a doll and play with the little girl to entertain her and make her smile. Playing with dolls is not something I would do normally at my age so that is definitely a behavioral change. Lastly when I am in the company of a child I will become very conscious of the things I say and do, for the fact that I do not want to do anything that would be inappropriate in front of the child. This is definitely something that I become way more conscious of when in the presence of a child then when I would be around an older crowd.When I am around pregnant woman I will definitely find myself changing some of my behaviors and attitudes. I sort of did not like being pregnant, and I still remember all the many things about it, the good and bad. One thing I find myself doing around the pregnant women is I’ll try to be extremely sensitive when it comes to the pet peeves I had during my pregnancy like I will not stare at them because I remember how extremely self conscious I was regarding my weight especially when people would stare at me. I will never make comments in reference to the weight or try to not to guess how far along she is.Finally, another way I see my attitude an d behavior change around a pregnant woman would be I find myself becoming much more polite for example, If I were on a bus and It was crowded and I was in a seat and a pregnant woman came on the bus but there wasn’t any more seats I would without even thinking about it get up and offer her my seat. The reason I am well mannered when it comes to pregnant woman is because I too was once pregnant, and I remember how at times it was such a difficult and uncomfortable situation to be in. I also remember how much I appreciated it when people would be so polite, and try to help me in any way.I am only trying to pay the good deed forward. Different situations with different people will sometimes change both my behaviors and my attitude. I am aware of most of these situations that change the way I act and am happy to say that when I change my attitude or behaviors that they are for the better. I was brought up to always respect others, and to always have others best interests at heart and I am glad that I am still living up to those standards. There is nothing wrong with being able to adapt to different situations as long as you are not doing any changing in a negative way. How to cite Social Influences on Behavior, Papers

The Crusades Essay Research Paper The crusades free essay sample

The Crusades Essay, Research Paper The campaigns were military expeditions launched against the Moslems by the Christians in an effort to recover the Holy Land. They took topographic point between 1095 A.D. and 1270 A.D. It was one of the most violent periods in the history of world. The get downing point of the campaigns was on November 18, 1095 A.D. when Pope Urban II opened the Council of Clermont. On November 27, outside the Gallic metropolis of Clermont-Ferrand, the Pope made an of import address. He called upon everyone to assist the Christians in the E to reconstruct peace. The crowd # 8217 ; s response was really positive. Garments were cut into crosses which were attached to people # 8217 ; s shoulders in an imitation of Christ ( Matthew 10:38 ) . ( 1 ) The original object of the First Crusade was to assist Christian churches in the E. The new end became to liberate the Holy Land from Muslim control, particularly Jerusalem. Pope Urban II stayed in France until September 1096 to supply leading and counsel for the members of the First Crusade. He urged clerics to prophesy the cross in France. Urban wanted the fighting ground forces to be largely made up of knights and other military forces. Since the intelligence of his address at Clermont spread through the West, people from all societal categories and businesss joined the Campaign. As a consequence of Urban losing control of forces, force was launched against the Jews of northern France. This force was largely instigated by sets of the urban and rural hapless led by work forces like Peter the Hermit and Walter Sans-Avoir. These groups lacked supplies and subject. They attempted to make Constantinople but most of them neer got that far. The leaders in lands which they passed through were frightened and killed many of the crusading sets. Some did acquire to Constantinople and traveled across the Bosphorus in August 1096. There they split into two groups. One tried to catch Nicaea and was unsuccessful. The other was ambushed and slaughtered near Civetot in October. The staying reformers retreated to Constantinople and joined the 2nd moving ridge of the Crusade. The reformers were eager to get down the journey to Jerusalem but they needed to capture the Anatolian Turkish capital of Nicaea foremost because it blocked the route that would be their chief supply path. It was held by Seljuk Turks. In May 1097, the reformers attacked Nicaea. The Turks realized that they were defeated and agreed to give the metropolis to the Byzantines in exchange for the lives of their work forces. The Byzantines agreed to this and on June 18, Nicaea was under Byzantine control. The leaders of the campaign disagreed and wanted to butcher the Turks because they were enemies of Christ. ( 2 ) On June 30, 1097, the reformers were ambushed at the metropolis of Dorylaeum by Seljuk Turks led by Kilij Arslam the Seljuk Sultan. The battle continued until July 1. The reformers won a large triumph and about wiped out the Turkish force. This triumph opened up the manner to Anatolia. The reformers attacked Anitoch in northern Syria on October 21, 1097. # 8220 ; This was the chief obstruction on the route to Jerusalem. # 8221 ; ( 3 ) In a long and ghastly conflict, the metropolis eventually fell on June 2, 1098. The reformers were rapidly attacked by a new Turkish ground forces from Al Mawsil. They arrived excessively late to resuscitate Anitoch # 8217 ; s Turkish guardians and they were forced to withdraw on June 28. The starting day of the month for the March to Jerusalem was set for November 1, 1098 but was delayed by an epidemic every bit good as contending to the South of Anitoch. On January 13, 1099 the commander-in-chief, Count Raymond IV of Toulouse, led the reformers # 8217 ; March to Jerusalem. They avoided onslaughts on metropoliss to conserve forces. In May 1099 they reached the northern boundary line of Palestine. On June 7 they camped on the acme of a hill where they could see Jerusalem. Many soldiers had cryings of joy on that twenty-four hours. The hill was named Montjoie. Jerusalem was good fortified and merely vulnerable from the North and the sou-west. On June 13 they tried to ramp Jerusalem but were driven back because of deficient supplies. Extreme heat and a H2O deficit lowered morale. A priest called Peter Desiderius told them that if they fasted and held a emanation around the walls of Jerusalem with sufficient piousness, the metropolis would be theirs within nine yearss. The reformers did this and, when they completed edifice three mini palaces, they assaulted Jerusalem on July 13. # 8220 ; There was a craze of killing as everyone was hacked down. # 8221 ; ( 4 ) The governor and his staff were the lone Muslims to get away alive. The Judaic library incorporating 8 Torah axial rotations and 330 manuscripts survived. After the First Crusade, four Levant provinces were established: Jerusalem, Tripoli, Anitoch, and Edessa. The success of this campaign was mostly due to the isolation and failing of the Muslim powers. ( 5 ) The Muslim reunion started in the Middle East under Imad ad-Din Zangi, the swayer of Al Mawsil and Halab. The Muslims got their foremost great triumph versus the reformers when they captured Edessa in 1144 and destroyed the reformer province in that part. This led to the Second Crusade, which was proclaimed tardily in 1145. Many people joined the campaign, including the King Louis VII of France and the sanctum Roman emperor, Conrad III. Conrad # 8217 ; s ground forces left Nuremberg, Germany for Jerusalem in May 1147. A few hebdomads subsequently the Gallic ground forces set out for Metz. The Germans tried to traverse cardinal Anatolia in October, but the Seljuks defeated them near Dorylaeum. The subsisters fled to Nicaea. The other German contingent, led by Otto of Freising, was defeated by Turks at Ladoicea. The staying reformers fled to the seashore of Pamphylia and were slaughtered in February 1148. Few subsisters finished the trip to Syria by ship. The Gallic ground forces had reached Constantinople on October 4, 1147. The Gallic so journeyed through Byzantine district in West Asia Minor. The Turks destroyed most of them, but the Gallic male monarch, the German Emperor, and some knights survived and traveled by ship to Outremer from Antalya on the southern seashore of Asia Minor. Zengi had died before the reformers arrived so his boies took control, Saif al-Din in Mosul and Nur al-Din in Aleppo. Joescelin II, the Frankish count of Edessa, took advantage of Zengi # 8217 ; s decease and tried to recover his capital, but Nur al-Din massacred the Edessan population and retook it. On June 24, 1148 the High Court of Jerusalem met at Palmarea near Acre. The determination was made to assail Damascus, since Edessa was no longer the war aim. On July 24, they camped along the West side of Damascus. The Palestinian barons convinced the two male monarchs that the groves on the West were doing the besieging more hard, so they moved to the sou-east. They couldn # 8217 ; t remain really long in the sou-east because it was a hot waterless field. On that same twenty-four hours they retreat their ground forces. The Second Crusade had failed miserably. There was merely one success from the whole campaign: a group of Dutch and English reformers had captured the metropoliss of Libson and Tort osa. ( 6 ) The Muslims had clip to reorganize after the Second Crusade, and in 1169, Nur al-Din # 8217 ; s forces took Egypt. Saladin took control of the Muslims when Nur al-Din died on May 15, 1174 in Damascus. In 1180 he joined forces with the Anatolian Seljuk grand Turk, Kilij Arslan II. Saladin stopped the fusion of Aleppo and Mosul in 1182, brought Aleppo under his control in 1183, and made a four twelvemonth armistice with the Franks in 1185 after occupying Palestine in 1183. Reynald of Ch? tillon, leader of the Franks, broke the armistice when he heard of a rich train of unarmed merchandisers going on the east bank of Jordan. In revenge, Saladin invaded Palestine in 1187. The Franks got their forces together to defy Saladin at Zippori. On July 4 Saladin defeated the Latin ground forces at Hattin in Galilee. Jerusalem surrendered on October 2. On October 29, 1187, Pope Gregory VIII, who succeeded Pope Urban II after he died from daze of the licking at Hattin, declared the Third Crusade. Three major European sovereigns joined: the holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I ; the Gallic King, Philip II ; and the English King, Richard I. It was the largest force of reformers since 1095. Frederick died in Anitoch along with many others as a consequence of an epidemic. Most of his ground forces returned to Germany. Philip and Richard reached Palestine but couldn # 8217 ; t recover Jerusalem. Many metropoliss along the Mediterranean seashore were freed from Saladin # 8217 ; s control. On July 12, 1191 Acre surrendered to the Christians. Richard left the Holy Land on October 9, 1192. The Latin Kingdom had been restored. In 1198 Pope Innocent III proclaimed a Fourth Crusade. In April 1202 the reformers asked the Venetians for conveyance because they overestimated the figure of people who would sail. The Venetians agreed to prorogue the payment due to them if the reformers helped them recapture Zara which had been taken from them by Hungary. The leaders of the campaign had no other pick. Some protested, stating that an onslaught on a Christian metropolis is a wickedness. On November 24, Zara was captured. The full ground forces was excommunicated but the Pope lifted it when he heard of the state of affairs. On June 24, 1203, the fleet anchored at Chalcedon, and on July 17, Constantinople was attacked from sea and land. Emperor Alexius III fled in fright. Isaac II Angelus and his boy Alexius IV became co-emperors. In a rebellion in January 1204, both were murdered. Alexius V Ducas Murzuphlus became emperor. On April 12, 1204, they stormed the metropolis and took control of the walls. On April 14 Constantinople was captured. The Crusaders and Venetians murdered and looted for three yearss. Afterwards the reformers started their ain imperium in the Byzantine ruins with a Catholic faith, Gallic address, and Italian commercial policies. The Albigensian Crusade was from 1202-1229. During the 12th Century Albigensians made many converts in western Languedoc. Innocent III preached a campaign against Raymond VI of Toulouse, defender of the Albigensians. The campaign turned into a battle for control of the Pyrenean land of Catalonia and southern France. There was a batch of blood shed. In the Peace of Paris in 1229, the Capetian monarchy began determining Languedoc into a Gallic land. The church of Rome got a house clasp on southern France. The Christians failed to convey Catharss under their control. The Children # 8217 ; s Crusade of 1212 began in Rhineland and Lower Lorraine. In the spring big crowds of kids gathered at that place. The leader was a male child named Nicholas from Cologne. The end of this campaign was to capture the Holy Land. The Gallic King persuaded a big group of Gallic kids to return place. The group led by Nicholas reached Genoa on August 25. They expected God to let them to walk across the sea but that didn # 8217 ; t go on. What happened after that is a enigma. The narrative most believe says that two Marseilles merchandisers provided seven ships for the kids. Two wrecked off Sardinia and the kids on the other five ships were sold into bondage in North Africa and Egypt. In 1213 Innocent III opened a new campaign. He had no uncertainty about the Fifth Crusade because the Book of Revelations said that Islam would last less than 666 old ages. It started in 622 A.D. so they idea it would stop by 1288 A.D. Innocent III died on July 16, 1216 and Honorlus III became his replacement. # 8220 ; He was dedicated to the campaign but lacked the political strength and energy of Innocent III. # 8221 ; ( 7 ) In return for the gaining control of Zara during the Fourth Crusade , the Venetians agreed to transport the Magyar ground forces. The reformers arrived at Acre in May 1218. Egypt was now the mark. If they could acquire it, all of southern Palestine could be easy attained. On May 29, 1218, the fleet anchored off shore and the ground forces was placed on the west bank of the Nile. The reformers overtook a tower protecting Damietta. Alternatively of assailing Damietta, the reformers waited for supports. Saladin # 8217 ; s nephew, Sultan al-Kamil, attacked the reformer cantonment but was defeated. In September al-Kamil offered Jerusalem, Palestine, Galilee, and the return of the true cross if the Christians evacuated Egypt. Cardinal Pelagius, leader of the Christian ground forces, rejected the offer. He didn # 8217 ; t want to come to footings with the Muslims. On November 5, 1219, Damietta was captured. In August 1221 the Crusaders attacked the Egyptians but were forced to resignation Damitetta. Emperor Frederick II took up the Sixth Crusade in 1215. Political jobs in the West kept him from fall ining. He wanted to hike his visual aspect by recovering the Holy Land. Pope Gregory IX excommunicated him in 1227 when his journey was delayed more because of an unwellness. He eventually left for the Holy Land in June 1228. In February 1229, Sultan al-Kamil surrendered Jerusalem because he was afraid of Frederick # 8217 ; s expedition. A 10 twelvemonth armistice was agreed upon. No blood was shed during this peaceable, political campaign. King Louis IX of France organized the Seventh Crusade after the Muslims recaptured Jerusalem in 1244. Louis spent four old ages planning and at the terminal of August 1248, Louis and his ground forces sailed to Cyprus. The ground forces spent the winter in Cyprus while waiting for supports. The fleet left at the terminal of May and stopped off at Damietta on June 5, 1249. On June 6 the citizens of Damietta evacuated in a terror. The reformers spent the summer in Damietta waiting for supports. On November 20, 1249, the ground forces started to March to Cairo. In the spring of 1250, they attacked Cairo. Louis surrendered to the Egyptians in April 1250. Damietta was given up and a ransom was paid. The Europeans # 8217 ; calls for more campaigns were stupid and didn # 8217 ; T accomplish much. ( 8 ) Italian metropoliss had better commercialism and there was a greater involvement in researching the orient thanks to the campaigns. New trade markets were established. The direct general revenue enhancement system was developed during the campaigns. As you can see, the campaigns were one of the most violent periods of clip in the history of world.